Writing and reading of single magnetic domain per bit perpendicular patterned media

By fabricating patterned media with a large number of nanoscale single domain magnetic particles embedded in a nonmagnetic substrate, and by writing the magnetization for each of these particles in a desired direction, nonvolatile magnetic storage of information could reach densities much higher than what is currently thought possible for longitudinal continuous media. We have fabricated high aspect ratio perpendicular nickel columnar nanoparticles embedded in a hard Al2O3/GaAs substrate. We show that the magnetization states of the individual magnets can be controlled by demonstrating that prototype patterned "single magnetic domain per bit" data tracks can be written and read back using current magnetic information storage technology

Reference evapotranspiration estimate with limited weather data across a range of Mediterranean climates

The standard FAO Penman–Monteith (PM-ETo) method for computing the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), in addition to air temperature, needs data on solar radiation or sunshine duration, relative humidity and wind speed which are often lacking and/or do not respect appropriate quality requirements. Hence, in many cases, ETo has to be estimated with limited weather data using maximum and minimum temperature only. Essentially, two procedures are used when no more than temperature data are available: (i) the well-known Hargreaves–Samani equation (HS), or (ii) the PM-ETo method with weather parameters estimated from the limited available data, called PM temperature (PMT) method. The application of these temperature-based approaches often led to contradictory results for various climates and world regions. The data used in the analysis refer to 577 weather stations available through the CLIMWAT database. The results, confirmed by various statistical indicators, emphasized that: (a) in hyper-arid and arid zones, the performance of HS and PMT methods are similar, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) around 0.60–0.65 mm d 1; (b) in semi-arid to humid climates, the PMT method produced better results than HS, with RMSE smaller than 0.52 mm d 1; (c) the performance of PMT method could be improved when adopting the corrections for aridity/humidity in the estimation of the dew point temperature from minimum temperature data. The spatial elaboration of results indicated high variability of ETo estimates by different methods. Thus, a site-specific analysis using daily datasets of sufficient quality is needed for the validation and calibration of temperature methods for ETo estimate. Maps presenting indicative results on under/over estimation of ETo by both temperature methods may be useful for their more accurate application over different Mediterranean climate

Irrigation scheduling based on Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) for cool and warm-season turf grass under subsurface-drip irrigation method

Aims: This study was conducted to determine irrigation scheduling basedon the Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) of cool (CS) and warm-season (WS)turfgrass species under subsurface-drip irrigation method.Methods and Results: The field experiment was carried out during thesummer period of 2018 in the Agricultural Production and Research Centre(TURAM) of Silivri municipality, Istanbul-Turkey. Specific objectives wereto measure actual evapotranspiration (ETc) values for both turfgrass types,to compare their responses to different water levels, to determine CWSIvalues for both turfgrass species under different irrigation scheduling andopportunity of using CWSI in irrigation timing, to compare ETc withreference to evapotranspiration (ETo) calculated with five differentmethods and to determine crop coefficient curve (kc) for experimentalconditions, and to focus on the crop growing and irrigation managementparameters under subsurface-drip irrigation method. Three irrigationstrategies [I1:30%, I2:50%, and I3:70%) were tested in a split-plotrandomized complete block design with three replications. Thesestrategies corresponded, respectively, to 30%, 50% and 70% of totalavailable soil moisture depletion at 0-30 cm of the effective root zone andreturning soil moisture back to field capacity. The results indicated thatcolour, quality, fresh yield, dry matter yield, irrigation water use efficiency,water use efficiency, vegetation height and mowing were significantlydifferent in terms of irrigation strategies for both species. The mostappropriate irrigation strategies were I2:50% for CS and I3:70% for WSturfgrass which corresponded to a CWSI of 0.47 and 0.45, respectively.Conclusions: The amount of applied irrigation water in WS turfgrass was53% less than in CS turfgrass. Actual evapotranspiration was 26% lower forWS than for CS turfgrass.Significance and Impact of the Study: These results obtained from theexperiments will help choosing of turf type and irrigation scheduling tosave water in urban areas

The fortresses in North Macedonia as a cultural tourist offer

The cultural potential of the destination can be measured by the quality and the cultural and natural goods it possesses. In order for these goods to be placed on the market and to meet the expectations of the tourists, it is necessary to create cultural attractions, which will make up the cultural tourist product along with the other environmental factors. The fortresses in North Macedonia are representative of the comprehensive cultural heritage, and as such are the subject of this research paper. The purpose of this paper is determining the authenticity, recognisability, landscaping and services, i.e. the positive and negative impressions of visiting the fortresses through surveying the tourists on their opinion. This makes a realistic image that will help create quality and authentic cultural tourist product that will meet the requirements and needs of the end users

Improving water-efficient irrigation: prospects and difficulties of innovative practices

Innovative irrigation practices can enhance water efficiency, gaining an economic advantage while also reducing environmental burdens. In some cases the necessary knowledge has been provided by extension services, helping farmers to adapt and implement viable solutions, thus gaining more benefits from irrigation technology. Often investment in technological improvements has incurred higher water prices, however, without gaining the full potential benefits through water efficiency. Farmers generally lack adequate means and incentives to know crops’ water use, actual irrigation applications, crops’ yield response to different water management practices, and thus current on-farm water-efficiency levels. Those general difficulties are illustrated by our two case studies investigating options, stimuli and difficulties to improve water-efficient practices. The two areas have strong stimuli for improvement but lack a knowledge-exchange system to help farmers and resource managers identify scope for improvements. Partly for this reason, farmers’ responsibility for efficient water management has been displaced to hypothetical prospects, e.g. extra supplies from reuse of treated wastewater or a long-term low water pricing. In both cases a displaced responsibility complements the default assumption that farmers’ irrigation practices already have adequate water-use efficiency. Under current circumstances, agricultural water management will maintain the unknown water-efficiency level and farmers will have weaker incentives to make efforts for more efficient practices. A continuous knowledge-exchange is necessary so that all relevant stakeholders can share greater responsibility across the entire water-supply chain. On this basis, more water-efficient management could combine wider environmental benefits with economic advantage for farmers

Fabrication and characterization of high aspect ratio perpendicular patterned information storage media in an Al2O3/GaAs substrate

In a new approach, we have fabricated 6:1 aspect ratio magnetic nanocolumns, 60–250 nm in diameter, embedded in a hard aluminum-oxide/gallium-arsenide (Al2O3/GaAs) substrate. The fabrication technique uses the highly selective etching properties of GaAs and AlAs, and highly efficient masking properties of Al2O3 to create small diameter, high aspect ratio holes. Nickel (Ni) is subsequently electroplated into the holes, followed by polishing, which creates a smooth and hard surface appropriate for future reading and writing of the columns as individual bits for high density information storage. We have used magnetic force microscopy and scanning magneto-resistance microscopy to characterize the resulting magnets. We find the columns more magnetically stable than previously achieved with magnets embedded in a SiO2 substrate. Such stability is necessary before further writing of perpendicular patterned media can be demonstrated

Младинските патувања и туризмот

Книгата „Младинските патувања и туризмот“ е наменета за сите кои работат во секторот туризам и угостителството, за академската јавност, студентите, истражувачите, учениците, заинтересираните страни од приватниот, јавниот и невладиниот сектор кои директно или индиректно се поврзани со туризмот. Книгата е изготвена со цел да се збогати постоечката литература поврзана со проблематиката на современите трендови и тенденции во младинскиот туризам. Материјалот во книгата е поделен во три основни поглавја. Првиот дел е посветен на развојот на туризмот и патувањата, а опфатен е материјалот кој се однесува на дефинирање и развој на туристичките патувања, трендови и тенденции во туристичката индустрија и алтернативните форми на туризам. Во вториот дел се обработува материјата поврзана со постанок на младинскиот туризам, дефинирање на младинскиот туризам, главни карактеристики на младинскиот туризам, побарувачка на младински туризам, понуда на младински туризам, објекти за сместување, туристичка анимација, меѓународни организации, туристичко водење, угостителство, превозни средства, младински картички и младински центри. Во третиот дел од книгата се обрнува внимание на материјалот кој ги третира различните форми на туризам поврзани со младинските патувања како: едукативен туризам, бекпекер туризам, спортски туризам, активен туризам, волонтерски туризам, манифестациски туризам и младински туризам за одмор и рекреација. Имајќи предвид дека ова е прво издание на книгата, можеби сме пропуштиле некои важни елементи поврзани со младинските патувања и туризмот. За сите забелешки, мислења и коментари, авторите ќе Ви бидат благодарни и ќе ги земат предвид при создавањето на второто дополнето и проширено издание. Исто така, искажуваме благодарност и до сите наши колеги и соработници кои дадоа придонес во обезбедувањето на неопходните материјали за комплетирање на книгата, како и на рецензентите за укажаните искрени и конструктивни сугестии