カンゴ ガクシ カテイ ニオケル シミュレーション キョウイク ノ ジッサイ ト カダイ

【目的】看護学士課程におけるシミュレーション教育の現状と課題を明らかにすることで、今後の教員の取り組みや、演習の場における教員の役割と学生へのはたらきかけを検討するための資料とすることである。【方法】医学中央雑誌、JMEDPlusを使用し、「シミュレーション」、「看護技術」、「看護基礎教育」、「看護大学教育」の用語を用いて検索し、17件を本研究の分析対象とした。【結果】シミュレーション教育の近年の実践や研究は、シチュエーション・ベースド・トレーニングによるものが多かった。また、シミュレーション教育の主たる指導者は教員であったが、多くは役割の簡潔な記載にとどまり、詳細を述べているものが少なかった。さらに、シチュエーション・べーズド・トレーニングによる結果や考察および、課題は、主には学習者の能力（知識・技術・態度）と演習方法に関するものであり、指導者やシナリオに関するものは少なかった。【結論】シミュレーション教育における教員の学生への具体的なはたらきかけの実態から、指導力を向上させる手がかりを明らかにする必要性が示唆された。また、指導者やシナリオに関する課題を導くシミュレーション教育の評価の実態を明らかにする必要性が示唆された

Regulation of type 1 diabetes development and B-cell activation in nonobese diabetic mice by early life exposure to a diabetogenic environment

Microbes, including viruses, influence type 1 diabetes (T1D) development, but many such influences remain undefined. Previous work on underlying immune mechanisms has focussed on cytokines and T cells. Here, we compared two nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse colonies, NODlow and NODhigh, differing markedly in their cumulative T1D incidence (22% vs. 90% by 30 weeks in females). NODhigh mice harbored more complex intestinal microbiota, including several pathobionts; both colonies harbored segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), thought to suppress T1D. Young NODhigh females had increased B-cell activation in their mesenteric lymph nodes. These phenotypes were transmissible. Co-housing of NODlow with NODhigh mice after weaning did not change T1D development, but T1D incidence was increased in female offspring of co-housed NODlow mice, which were exposed to the NODhigh environment both before and after weaning. These offspring also acquired microbiota and B-cell activation approaching those of NODhigh mice. In NODlow females, the low rate of T1D was unaffected by cyclophosphamide but increased by PD-L1 blockade. Thus, environmental exposures that are innocuous later in life may promote T1D progression if acquired early during immune development, possibly by altering B-cell activation and/or PD-L1 function. Moreover, T1D suppression in NOD mice by SFB may depend on the presence of other microbial influences. The complexity of microbial immune regulation revealed in this murine model may also be relevant to the environmental regulation of human T1D

Accelerated FDPS: Algorithms to use accelerators with FDPS

We describe algorithms implemented in FDPS (Framework for Developing Particle Simulators) to make efficient use of accelerator hardware such as GPGPUs (general-purpose computing on graphics processing units). We have developed FDPS to make it possible for researchers to develop their own high-performance parallel particle-based simulation programs without spending large amounts of time on parallelization and performance tuning. FDPS provides a high-performance implementation of parallel algorithms for particle-based simulations in a "generic" form, so that researchers can define their own particle data structure and interparticle interaction functions. FDPS compiled with user-supplied data types and interaction functions provides all the necessary functions for parallelization, and researchers can thus write their programs as though they are writing simple non-parallel code. It has previously been possible to use accelerators with FDPS by writing an interaction function that uses the accelerator. However, the efficiency was limited by the latency and bandwidth of communication between the CPU and the accelerator, and also by the mismatch between the available degree of parallelism of the interaction function and that of the hardware parallelism. We have modified the interface of the user-provided interaction functions so that accelerators are more efficiently used. We also implemented new techniques which reduce the amount of work on the CPU side and the amount of communication between CPU and accelerators. We have measured the performance of N-body simulations on a system with an NVIDIA Volta GPGPU using FDPS and the achieved performance is around 27% of the theoretical peak limit. We have constructed a detailed performance model, and found that the current implementation can achieve good performance on systems with much smaller memory and communication bandwidth. Thus, our implementation will be applicable to future generations of accelerator system