転写現象の方程式

The ratio of some gene-transcripts in the thymus of mouse had a maximum with aging. A second order differential equation, x + 2 ak+ bx = bD , could be used to analyze such measurements. This equation resembled one used in a damped harmonic oscillator, then, it was supposed that the quantities of transcripts increased and decreased repeatedly in time-course under the influence of some factors. The general solution of abovementioned differential equation took the form x = Ce^-a1 cos( √t + β)+ D in the case of b —a ＾2＞0 or x - Ae^-(a+√)t + B e^-(a-√)t + D in b — a^ 2 ＜ 0. The ratios of interleukin2(IL2),4(IL4), T cell receptor fl-chain(TCRβ), immunoglobulin E(IgE) and M(IgM)-transcripts were measured in the thymus of mice by realtime PCR. LogIL4/TCRβ and logIgE/IgM increased rapidly from birth to about 50 days and then decreased, namely had maximums. Otherwise, logIL2/ TCRβ increased slightly after birth and remained constantly. The calculated values by the equation using adequate parameters were in fair agreement with those measure

Plasma Corticosterone Activates SGK1 and Induces Morphological Changes in Oligodendrocytes in Corpus Callosum

Repeated stressful events are known to be associated with onset of depression. Further, stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) system by elevating plasma cortisol levels. However, little is known about the related downstream molecular pathway. In this study, by using repeated water-immersion and restraint stress (WIRS) as a stressor for mice, we attempted to elucidate the molecular pathway induced by elevated plasma corticosterone levels. We observed the following effects both, in vivo and in vitro: (1) repeated exposure to WIRS activates the 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase (PDK1)–serum glucocorticoid regulated kinase (SGK1)–N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1)–adhesion molecule (i.e., N-cadherin, α-catenin, and β-catenin) stabilization pathway via an increase in plasma corticosterone levels; (2) the activation of this signaling pathway induces morphological changes in oligodendrocytes; and (3) after recovery from chronic stress, the abnormal arborization of oligodendrocytes and depression-like symptoms return to the control levels. Our data strongly suggest that these abnornalities of oligodendrocytes are possibly related to depression-like symptoms

Plant immunity and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors

Plants possess the ability to recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and PAMPs through the PRRs, and initiate pattern-triggered immunity. MAMPs are derived from cell-envelope components, secreted materials and cytosolic proteins from bacteria, oomycetes or fungi, and some MAMPs play a similar function in the innate immunity in mammals. Chitin is a representative fungal MAMP and triggers defense signaling in a wide range of plant species. The chitin receptors CEBiP and CERK1 on the plasma membrane have LysM (lysin motif) in their ectodomains. These molecules play an important role for the defense responses in rice and Arabidopsis, strictly recognizing the size and acetylated form of chitin oligosaccharides. However, related LysM receptors also play major roles for the signaling in root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of the defense and symbiosis signaling mediated by LysM receptors, including the activation steps of chitin-induced defense signaling downstream of LysM receptors

Bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel: Synthesis, characterization, and monitoring system of tumor-triggering carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions

Bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels with GM3 trisaccharides and those with Gg3 trisaccharides were constructed from commercially available nata de coco via NaIO4 oxidation, reductive amination using propargylamine, and click conjugation with the corresponding glycosyl azides. Since these hydrogels are visible to the naked eye, their assembly in aqueous media could be readily monitored without costly devices. This is the first naked-eye system for monitoring GM3-Gg3 interactions, which are deeply associated with tumor metastases. Reference experiments using bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels carrying lactosides or those carrying glucosides showed that each carbohydrate subunit of GM3 trisaccharide and Gg3 trisaccharide substantially contributes to GM3-Gg3 interactions