Properties of Matter of Awa Textile from Linden Bark

The fabric structure, the mechanical properties and the sanitary properties of Awa textile from linden bark were compared with those of shirting and linen cloth. The form of fiber of weaving yarns of Awa textile from linden bark was observed by a scanning electron microscope. The change in whiteness of Awa textile with washing times through colorimetry. The results obtained were as followed. 1) Awa textile resembled linen cloth in the fiber surface and shirting in the fiber cross section. But the lumen was not recognized to the fiber of Awa textile. 2) Awa textile was thicker, heavier and coarser than shirting and linen cloth. 3) The bending rigidity and breaking strength of Awa textile were bigger than those of shirting and linen cloth. 4) The thermal insulation property, moisture permeability and air permeability of Awa textile were superior to those of shirting and linen cloth but the water absorption was inferior. 5) Awa textile became white with increase of wash frequency

Factors causing climatologically high temperatures in a hottest city in Japan: a multi-scale analysis of Tajimi

In this study, multi-scale climatological features of extreme high temperature (EHT) events in Tajimi, the hottest cities in Japan, were investigated using observational data collected by the Japan Meteorological Agency over the past 23 years, and original data observed by the authors over the last 3 years. Results revealed the background factors that lead to climatologically high temperatures in Tajimi: the occurrence of a characteristic pressure pattern called ‘whale’: the synoptic-scale factors, and the urbanization of Tajimi: the meso-γ-scale factors. In addition, the high temperatures measured in Tajimi are affected by the foehn-like westerly airflow coming from the mountains located in the northwest/west towards the Nobi Plain where Tajimi is located at the east end: the meso-β-scale factors, and the location of the Tajimi observation site, which is within an urbanized area where the highest temperatures tend to be observed: the micro-scale factors. In contrast, statistical analysis demonstrated that the small-scale basin effects and soil dryness around Tajimi were of lesser importance than aforementioned factors, in the occurrence of EHT events in Tajimi

Detergency of Alkaline Ionized Liquid

The detergency of the alkaline ionized liquid of pH 9.6 was compared with that of the ion exchanged water (pH 5.8) and the acid ionized liquid (pH 2.9) by applying DLVO theory. Polystyrene latex particle and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were considered to the fiber and the solid particle charged with negative ions in water respectively. It was supposed that the potential barriers of adsorption and desorption corresponded to the adsorption and desorption rate constants (ka, kd). The two constants (ka, kd) of SDS to and from polystyrene latex were determined through the stopped-flow technique. The adsorption rate constants were 10.6×104, 3.55×104 and 8.44×104 mol-1dm3s-1, the desorption rate constants were 8.43, 8.62 and 9.29 s-1, the values of ka/kd were 1.26×104, 4.12×103 and 9.09×103 mol-1dm3 and the standard free energy change (ΔG) was -7.84, -7.19 and -7.65 kcal mol-1 for the ion exchanged water, the alkaline ionized liquid and the acid ionized liquid respectively. The adsorption rate constants were dependent upon the water hardness of the used liquids and the desorption rate constants were dependent upon ζ-potential of polystyrene latex particles in the liquids. The smaller the value of ka/kd was, the more the washing condition was effective. The detergency of the alkaline ionized liquid was determined by comparison with ΔG of the other liquids. It was made clear that the detergency of the alkaline ionized liquid was 1.09 times of the ion exchanged water and 1.07 times of the acid ionized liquid

Effect of Electrolyzed Water on Washing

The detergency, that is the effect on removal of particle soil, on soiling prevention and on deodorization etc., of the electrolyzed water was compared with that of the pure water. The electrolyzed water, i.e. the alkaline ion liquid and the acid ion liquid, was produced using an electricity resolution production device. The wet artificially soiled cloths were washed at 40? in each liquid for 10 minutes by a Terg-O-tometer. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used as detergent. The removal efficiency of carbon black was demanded by applying an expression of Kubelka-Munk on the basis of the surface reflection rates of the test cloths. The soiling rates of the test pieces of white polyester were calculated on the surface reflection rates after they were washed with the wet artificially soiled cloths. The smoke of a cigarette (tar 12 mg, nicotine 1.0 mg) was absorbed by the test cloths of wool muslin in a glass container sealed up for 24 hours, and they were washed only with water afterwards. The stench of the specimens was measured with a smell meter, and the deodorant efficiency of the stench was calculated afterwards. The detergency was all good in order of the alkaline ion liquid, the pure water, the acid ion liquid. The property of dispersing solid particles of each liquid was dependent on the ingredients included in each liquid, the pH of the liquid and the hardness of water. The power of dispersing particles of the alkaline ion liquid was the biggest in three kinds of liquids used

Detergency of Mixture of Cationic Surfactant and Nonionic Surfactant : Removal of Particle Soil, Soil Redeposition, Oily and Fatty Soil Removal, Sterilization, Deodorization and Safety

The detergency of the mixture of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and dodecyl polyoxyethylene ether (DPE) was studied using cotton and polyester fabric. The critical micell concentration of the mixture determined by surface tension method was 4×10-4 mol/dm3. Polystyrene latex particle removal and redeposition, removal of liquid paraffin and oleic acid, sterilization of staphylococcus aureus, deodorization of stench of cigarette and safety were examined through SEM observation, spectrophtometry, culture, a smell meter and a skin model. The effect of HTAB/DPE combination ratio on these six detergency indexes was investigated. The most effective mixing ratio of the mixture for detergency except oily and fatty soil removal was 90:10. When the combination ratio of HTAB was more than 90 %, the detergency reduced for reason of the increase of the surface tension of the mixture. The more DPE content was in the mixture, the more the oily and fatty soil was removed. The survival rate of the cells of the skin model was from 90 % to 100 % same as water. Therefore it was cleared that the mixture of HTAB and DPE used this study was safety

Adsorption and Desorption Kinetics of Surfactants to and from Styrene/Acrylamide Copolymer

The desorption rate of surfactants ions from styrene / acrylamide copolymer latex par-ticles was investigated by applying the electric stopped-flow method at the concentration below the critical micell concentration. The surfactants used were sodium decyl, sodium dodecyl, sodium tetradecyl and sodium hexadecyl sulfates. The desorption rate constants were obtained by applying the first-order reaction scheme. The adsorption rate constants of those ions to the particles were estimated from the experimental desorption rate con-stants and adsorption equilibrium constants assuming the second-order kinetics. The de-sorption rate constants were determined to be 4 - 7sec-1 and the adsorption rate constants to be 3 X 104 - 2 X 105 mol - I dm3 sec - 1 ; the former decreased and the latter increased with increasing number of carbon atoms in alkyl chain of the surfactants