Penyuluhan Penerapan Upaya Penyelesaian Sengketa Pembagian Warisan di Desa Purwosekar Kabupaten Tajinan Malang Berdasarkan Waris Adat Jawa

Hukum waris yang berlaku di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia sampai sekarang masih bersifat pluralistis, yaitu ada yang tunduk kepada hukum waris dalam kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata. Hukum Waris Islam dan Hukum Waris Adat. Khalayak sasaran dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah Ibu-ibu Kader PKK desa. Presentasi penyuluhan hukum terpadu dilaksanakan pada kegiatan Kader PKK desa. Metode kegiatan berupa penyuluhan dengan ceramah dan presentasi yaitu memberikan penjelasan berdasarkan teori-teori dan hasil dari kajian dari materi/ bahan hukum tentang upaya penyelesaian sengketa pembagian warisan berdasarkan waris adat Jawa. Umpan Balik atau respon ini dalam bentuk pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dituangkan dalam tanya jawab yang kemudian berdiskusi bersama dengan saling menceritakan pengalaman-pengalaman masing-masing dalam hal pembagian warisan di lingkungan keluarganya masing-masing. Pemecahan masalah berupa penjelasan secara detail sistem pembagian adat Jawa yang berdasarkan hukum positif agar masyarakat desa dapat menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dengan tidak mengalami kesulitan serta tidak melanggar kaidah-kaidah hukum nasional

Cloning and expression of a serine racemase gene homologue of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and characterization of the gene product

A unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) has served as a model system to study many fundamental biological processes. We demonstrated that some D-amino acids have no inhibitory effect on the growth of C. reinhardtii and the green alga has alanine racemase and D-threonine aldolase. The homologous gene of serine racemase was found on the genome sequence of C. reinhardtii. In this study, a homologous gene of serine racemase on the genome of C. reinhardtii was cloned and expressed in E. coli cells, and the gene product was purified and characterized. Total RNA was extracted from C. reinhardtii cells. Sense and antisense primers were designed for PCR based on the upstream and downstream regions of the putative gene for serine racemase. First strand cDNA was synthesized from the mRNA and the antisense primer. Amplification of nucleotides between the two primers was performed with the cDNA. The fragment (ser-h) was sequenced. The deduced protein consisted of 340 amino acids with a molecular weight of 35,300. The amino acid sequence of the protein showed similarities to the reported serine racemases; Oryza sativa, 55%; Mus musculus, 52%; Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 39%. A modified serine racemase homologous (ser-h\u27) whose codons were optimized for E. coli was synthesized and used to construct pET24/ser-h\u27 and to transform BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE of the crude extract revealed that the gene product was overexpressed. The gene product was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the recombinant cells using ammonium sulfate fractionation and Column chromatography. Further characterization and crystallization of the enzyme are currently under study

Phytochemical screening, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of pentanisia prunelloides from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Background: Pentanisia prunelloides is a medicinal plant widely used to remedy various ailments including infections, fever and rheumatism in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. There is scanty report on the phytochemical and biological properties of the plant; hence various solvent extracts of the dried plant materials were phytochemically screened, and its aqueous extract evaluated for acute toxicity effect, analgesic and antiinflammatory properties in rodents.Methods and Materials: Different extracts of both leaf and rhizome were obtained separately with ethanol, methanol and water. Portions of the filtrate were used for qualitative screening of secondary metabolites and remaining portions were concentrated and dried. Dried grounded leaf and rhizome of the plant were also used for quantitative screening for some major components. The aqueous extract of the leaf and rhizome were used for acute toxicity (LD50) test, antiinflammatory and analgesic activities in rodents.Results: The qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of several phytoconstituents with saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids constituting highest constituents in the leaf and rhizome. The LD50 of the aqueous extracts (from leaf or rhizome) was found to be ≥5000 mg/kg orally. The leaf and rhizome aqueous extract (250-500 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) reduced egg albumininduced paw oedema and paw licking in mice induced by formalin, signifying antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities respectively.Conclusion: It is concluded that the leaf and rhizome of P. prunelloides are rich in various phytochemicals which could be associated with their medicinal uses. The aqueous leaf and rhizome extracts are similarly non-toxic orally, showed antiinflammatory and analgesic potentials thus rationalizing its use in folkloric medicine.Keywords: Rubiaceae, secondary metabolites, oral acute toxicity, analgesic, anti inflammator

Inhibitory Input from the Lateral Hypothalamus to the Ventral Tegmental Area Disinhibits Dopamine Neurons and Promotes Behavioral Activation

Projections from the lateral hypothalamus (LH) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), containing both GABAergic and glutamatergic components, encode conditioned responses and control compulsive reward-seeking behavior. GABAergic neurons in the LH have been shown to mediate appetitive and feeding-related behaviors. Here we show that the GABAergic component of the LH-VTA pathway supports positive reinforcement and place preference, while the glutamatergic component mediates place avoidance. In addition, our results indicate that photoactivation of these projections modulates other behaviors, such as social interaction and perseverant investigation of a novel object. We provide evidence that photostimulation of the GABAergic LH-VTA component, but not the glutamatergic component, increases dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) via inhibition of local VTA GABAergic neurons. Our study clarifies how GABAergic LH inputs to the VTA can contribute to generalized behavioral activation across multiple contexts, consistent with a role in increasing motivational salience.National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.) (Grant R01-MH102441-01