Culture préscolaire et nouveaux défis au Japon

Au Japon, l’éducation préscolaire repose traditionnellement sur le jeu et sur un environnement qui vise au développement global des enfants. Cette conception tend à être remise en cause dans un contexte économique et social de plus en plus difficile. Les évolutions du Japon contemporain conduisent à développer une réflexion nouvelle en termes d’équité et de diversité, actuellement insuffisamment garanties dans les institutions de la petite enfance.In Japan, pre-school education has traditionally been based on play and an environment which focuses on the overall development of children. In an increasingly difficult socio-economic environment, this approach is coming under scrutiny. The changes affecting contemporary Japan are leading to the reconsideration of the principles of fairness and diversity, which are insufficiently guaranteed in today’s early childhood institutions.En Japón, la educación preescolar radica tradicionalmente en el juego y en un entorno destinado al desarrollo global de los niños. Esta concepción tiende a plantear problemas en un contexto económico y social cada vez más difícil. Las evoluciones del Japón contemporáneo conducen a desarrollar un nuevo estudio en términos de igualdad y de diversidad, que actualmente no están garantizadas lo suficientemente en las instituciones de la pequeña infancia

Aspects of Early Language Development with Relation to Cognitive Behavior

This study investigated the language development, the cognitive behaviors (such as imitation, manipulation of objects and play) and the communicative behavior of four infants from 9 to 25 months. Children were observed longitudinally on three different situations; free play with an adult, manipulation play and two-word-sentence comprehension test. The analysis of behaviors revealed that: (a) Bubbling stage is characterized as the sensory-motor action and the passive communication, (b) By the time of the first one-word utterances, children manipulate familiar objects adequately according to their conventionel use. They also communicate actively by pointing, imitation and other nonverbal behaviors, (c) Symbolic doll play precedes the emergence of the syntax. Symbolic play emerges about the time of first two-word sentences and increases with the development of the early syntax. At this stage several types of verbal communication are capable. Comprehension of two-word sentences is prior to their production

実親と暮らせない虐待被害児の養育上の課題および看護支援に関する研究： 児童養護施設・ファミリーホーム・里親への全国調査を通して

京都府立医科大学医学部看護学科滋賀医科大学医学部看護学科福岡女学院看護大学看護学部看護学科名古屋学芸大学看護学部看護学科長崎大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科School of Nursing, Kyoto Prefecture University of MedicinSchool of Nursing, Shiga University of Medical ScienceFukuoka Jo-Gakuin Nursing UniversityFaculty of Nursing, Nagoya University of Arts and SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University　本研究は、実親と暮らせない児童の養育を担う児童養護施設およびファミリーホーム、里親を対象に、虐待被害児の自立と生活支援の観点から、養育上の課題、看護師への相談・支援ニーズの検討を目的とした。　全国の児童養護施設593ヵ所、ファミリーホーム136ヵ所、里親1050ヵ所、計1779ヵ所を対象に485ヵ所から回答を得た。全体の回収率は27.3% で、調査の結果、児童養護施設における虐待被害児の養育困難な事柄として、①コミュニケーションの学習、②ストレス対処の学習、③年齢相応の学力の習得、④家族としてのルールの習得、⑤基本的生活習慣の獲得などが高い割合を占めた。　さらに、障害や慢性疾患をもつ児童の養育経験は児童養護施設、ファミリーホーム、里親の全てにおいて高い割合を示し、養育上の課題が浮き彫りになった。看護師による相談支援では「児童の身体や健康状態・病気」、「児童の精神的な問題」といったニーズが高い割合を占めた

Self-Transcendence, Vulnerability, and Well-Being in Hospitalized Japanese Elders

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among vulnerability, self-transcendence, and well-being in Japanese hospitalized elders. With their declining functional health and diminishing social network, elderly people are considered as a vulnerable population, which require special care and attention in the field of nursing. Self-Transcendence is identified as one of the developmental resources that promote well-being in later adulthood during increased vulnerability; however, applicability of the concept of self-transcendence as well as its theory has never been tested in Japanese population. Thus, the current study specifically tested and refined a theoretical model of self-transcendence in Japanese elders.In this study, a nonexperimental descriptive design was used to examine relationships among the variables. A total of 105 elderly patients were recruited from 4 hospitals in Sapporo, Japan. The respondents' level of vulnerability was assessed by three aspects: vulnerability in health status, vulnerability in resource availability, and past vulnerable experience. Well-being was examined from the level of depression and life satisfaction. Besides psychosocial self-transcendence, spiritual self-transcendence from Japanese perspective was conceptualized and evaluated.Reliability testing provided adequate supports for all the study instruments. Findings of multiple regression analyses indicated mediating effects of psychosocial self-transcendence on the relationship between vulnerability in resource availability and well-being variables. Psychosocial self-transcendence also demonstrated direct effects on well-being. Spiritual self-transcendence did not show any mediating and moderating effect in the relationship between vulnerability and well-being; however, it was found to be the strongest predictor for the level of life satisfaction. In addition, the findings revealed that vulnerability in health status had a direct effect on the level of depression, but past vulnerable experience had no effect on both self-transcendence and well-being.Findings of this study provided further evidence of universality of the concept of self-transcendence and applicability of its theory to Japanese hospitalized elders. This study not only contributes to Japanese nursing research by adding the body of knowledge about self-transcendence and spirituality but also can be a basis for formulating interventions that help enhance well-being in vulnerable elderly patients

Enhancement of the Immunostimulatory Effect of Phosphodiester CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides by an Antiparallel Guanine-Quadruplex Structural Scaffold

Guanine-quadruplex-based CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (G4 CpG ODNs) have been developed as potent immunostimulatory agents with reduced sensitivity to nucleases. We designed new monomeric G4 ODNs with an antiparallel topology using antiparallel type duplex/G4 ODNs as robust scaffolds, and we characterized their topology and effects on cytokine secretion. Based on circular dichroism analysis and quantification of mRNA levels of immunostimulatory cytokines, it was found that monomeric antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs containing two CpG motifs in the first functional loop, named G2.0.0, could maintain antiparallel topology and generate a high level of immunostimulatory cytokines in RAW264 mouse macrophage-like cell lines. We also found that the flanking sequence in the CpG motif altered the immunostimulatory effects. Gc2c.0.0 and Ga2c.0.0 are monomeric antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs with one cytosine in the 3 & PRIME; terminal and one cytosine/adenine in the 5 & PRIME; terminal of CpG motifs that maintained the same resistance to degradation in serum as G2.0.0 and improved interleukin-6 production in RAW264 and bone marrow-derived macrophages. The immunostimulatory activity of antiparallel G4 CpG ODNs is superior to that of linear natural CpG ODNs. These results provide insights for the rational design of highly potent CpG ODNs using antiparallel G4 as a robust scaffold

The expression and localization of RNase and RNase inhibitor in blood cells and vascular endothelial cells in homeostasis of the vascular system

<div><p>RNA may be released from vascular cells including endothelial cells in the event of injury and in vascular disease. Extracellular RNAs have been recognized as novel procoagulant and permeability-increasing factors. Extracellular RNA may function as inflammatory host alarm signals that serve to amplify the defense mechanism, but it may provide important links to thrombus formation. Extracellular RNA is degraded by RNase. We propose that RNase and its inhibitor RNase inhibitor (RI) act as modulators of homeostasis in the vasculature to control the functions of extracellular RNA. We aimed to investigate the expression and localization of RNase 1 and RI in cells that contact blood, such as platelets, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear cells, and red blood cells. RNase 1 and RI expression and localization in blood cells were compared with those in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, EAhy926. Additionally, we further investigated the effect of thrombin on the expression of RNase 1 and RI in platelets. We used an RNase activity assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunocytochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy (pre- and post-embedding methods). RNase activity in the supernatant from EAhy926 cells was 50 times than in blood cells (after 60 min). RNase 1 mRNA and protein expression in EAhy926 cells was highest among the cells examined. However, RI mRNA and protein expression was similar in most cell types examined. Furthermore, we observed that RNase 1 and von Willebrand factor were partially colocalized in EAhy926 cells and platelets. In conclusion, we propose that high RNase activity is ordinarily released from endothelial cells to support anticoagulation in the vasculature. On the other hand, platelets and leukocytes within thrombi at sites of vascular injury show very low RNase activity, which may support hemostatic thrombus formation. However, activated platelets and leukocytes may accelerate pathologic thrombus formation.</p></div

Localization of RNase 1 and VWF in EAhy926 cells and platelets by the pre-embedding method.

<p>EAhy926 cells (A, B) or platelets (C, D) immunostained with anti-RNase 1 (arrows, (A, C)) or anti-VWF antibodies (arrowheads, (B, D)). Scale bars = 500 nm.</p

Localization of RNase 1 and RI in EAhy926 cells and platelets.

<p>After fixation and blocking, cells were stained with antibodies against RNase 1 (green), RI (red), and nuclei (blue). Each image of platelets-2 and thrombin-activated platelets-2 is optical micrograph of platelets-1 and thrombin-activated platelets-1. Scale bars = 10 μm.</p