ソンネ赤痢菌長期保菌者の一例

It has been known that patients with the bacillary dysentery may continue to excrete the bacilli in convalescence and there are not a few healthy carriers without any manifestation of clinical sign. The duration of excretion of bacilli in both convalescent and healthy carriers is generally within a few weeks. A very small proportion of carriers continues to excrete the bacilli for long time. However, even in cases of which stool cultures have been repeatedly positive for the same type of Shigella, it would be difficult to decide a longterm carrier or reinfection. The case reported here was designated as carrier of Shigella sonnei six times for about three years and half since he recovered from the bacillary dysentery. The strains isolated from the case belonged to Shigella sonnei I of which Colicin type was 6, and they were sensitive to antibiotics as Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Streptomycin. Regarding the present situation that all strains of Shigella isolated in Nagasaki prefecture are highly resistant to these antibiotics, the sensitivity pattern of these strains could be considered as a characteristic marker, so that it could be able to exclude a possibility to have been reinfected. Some particular investigations as the roentgenographic examinations of the digestive tractus and gallbladder, sigmoidoscopy, rectal biopsy, bile extraction by duodenal intubation etc. were carried out in order to clarify the state of carrier in this case. However,the results were negative so that it could be unable to realize how do the bacilli harbour in the body of the carrier.赤痢患者が症状消退後もある期間排菌をつづける者のあること,なんらの臨床症状のみられない健康保菌者が近年特に増加していることは,一般に認められている.しかし,保菌期間が年余にわたる長期例の報告は少ないし,またそのような例について,再感染が否かを判断する資料が見当らないのが常である.ここに報告する例は,1944年8月生れの青年であって,1965年3月ソンネ菌赤痢に罹患,隔離入院させられたが,抗生剤治療により順調に治癒退院した.本人は某乳業会社に勤務していたために,毎年食品ならびに接客業者のための定期検便をうけた.その結果,1965年6月から1968年11月までの的3年半の期間に,6回にわたって,ソンネ菌が便中に証明された.菌はShigella sonnei I,コリシン型6,クロラムフェニコール・テトラサイクリン・ストレプトマイシン感受性であった.長崎地区における赤痢菌特にソンネ菌の薬剤感受性は最近の5年間に著しく変化し,1962年以来分離されるソンネ菌を主体とする赤痢菌は悉くC. T. Sに高度の耐性を示すもののみとなった.この例は,当時約半数は感受性があったソンネ菌に感染,その菌が3年有半にわたって体内に生残していたと推定される.赤痢菌がこのように長期間保菌される場合,腸内のいづれかの個処に生残しているものか,あるいは胆嚢をチフス保菌者のように棲息場所に撰んでいるのか,を知るために,各種X線検査,十二指腸ゾンデによる胆汁採取,直腸鏡検査,直腸生検などを行なったが,菌の存在場所を確認することはできなかった.患者の自家菌ならびに保存ソンネ菌に対する血中抗体の上昇は認められなかった.この菌の病原性について,北里研究所合田朗博士が行なったウサギ小腸ループを用いる実験によれば, 一般の赤痢菌と同様に,ループ内接種後膿血を混じた漿液の貯溜によりループの著明な腫脹がみられている

マウスの実験コレラ : I 経口感染に関する第1報

The oral infection in mice, strain ICR, was carried out with E1 Tor vibrio, strain V86 and following results were obtained. The multiplication of vibrios, accumulation of fluid in the intestine-especially in the cecum-, diarrhea and death were observed only in the suckling mice younger than about 10 days old. And the multiplication of vibrios in upper part of the small intestine was observed to be less than that in lower part of the small intestine. In 15-day-old mice, only slight multiplication of vibrios without death was observed, however in 30-day-old mice, viable organisms of the challenged vibrios could not be isolated from intestinal samples even at 3 hours and within 3 days after challenge.マウス(ICR株)を用いてェルトール菌(V86株)による感染実験を行い,次のような結果を得た.生後10日以下の乳のみマウスにおいてのみ,感染菌の増殖,腸管内特に盲腸に液体の貯溜がみられ,また下痢や死亡がみられた.腸管内における感染菌の増殖は小腸上部と下部では,下部に著明である結果を得た.生後15日マウスでは感染菌の増殖が著明でなく,死亡はみらわなかった.生後30日マウスでは,感染菌は感染後3時間ですでにみられず,その後も菌増殖はみとめられなかった

N-Glycomic and Microscopic Subcellular Localization Analyses of NPP1, 2 and 6 Strongly Indicate that trans-Golgi Compartments Participate in the Golgi to Plastid Traffic of Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases in Rice

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) are widely distributed N-glycosylated enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic breakdown of numerous nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. In many plant species, NPPs are encoded by a small multigene family, which in rice are referred to NPP1–NPP6. Although recent investigations showed that N-glycosylated NPP1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Golgi system to the chloroplast through the secretory pathway in rice cells, information on N-glycan composition and subcellular localization of other NPPs is still lacking. Computer-assisted analyses of the amino acid sequences deduced from different Oryza sativa NPP-encoding cDNAs predicted all NPPs to be secretory glycoproteins. Confocal fluorescence microscopy observation of cells expressing NPP2 and NPP6 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) revealed that NPP2 and NPP6 are plastidial proteins. Plastid targeting of NPP2–GFP and NPP6–GFP was prevented by brefeldin A and by the expression of ARF1(Q71L), a dominant negative mutant of ADP-ribosylation factor 1 that arrests the ER to Golgi traffic, indicating that NPP2 and NPP6 are transported from the ER–Golgi to the plastidial compartment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted electron microscopy analyses of transgenic rice cells ectopically expressing the trans-Golgi marker sialyltransferase fused with GFP showed the occurrence of contact of Golgi-derived membrane vesicles with cargo and subsequent absorption into plastids. Sensitive and high-throughput glycoblotting/mass spectrometric analyses showed that complex-type and paucimannosidic-type glycans with fucose and xylose residues occupy approximately 80% of total glycans of NPP1, NPP2 and NPP6. The overall data strongly indicate that the trans-Golgi compartments participate in the Golgi to plastid trafficking and targeting mechanism of NPPs.This research was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences [KAKENHI Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) (15H02486) to T.M.]; the Comisio´n Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Spain) [grants BIO2010-18239 and BIO2013-49125-C2-1-P]; the Government of Navarra [grant IIQ14067.RI1].Peer reviewe

Lateral habenula glutamatergic neurons projecting to the dorsal raphe nucleus promote aggressive arousal in mice

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is known to modulate aggressive behaviour in rodents. Here the authors show that glutamatergic projections from the lateral habenula to DRN modulate aggression between male mice