I Am Physically and Personality-Wise Warmer When Wearing Round Eyeglasses: Shape Priming Influences Personality Judgments and Estimated Temperature

Shapes are considered to be related to different personality traits, and particularly, in terms of metaphorical associations, the round shape has been related to the warmth trait, and the square shape to the competence trait. The present study used a pre-post design to replicate these associations. Moreover, it was investigated whether round shapes enhanced the estimation of physical warmth as suggested by contemporary debates on cross-modal correspondences. The results indicated that the round shape increased the perception of warmth (p = .004) and the square shape enhanced the perception of competence (p = .025), which confirmed round-warm and square-competent associations. Furthermore, estimates of the room temperature were higher in the round condition, compared to the square condition (p = .023). The theoretical implications of these findings and directions for further research are discussed

Draw squares, and you will discover that many competent and rigorous people are around you: Shape priming influences impressions regarding the interpersonal environment

The effects of drawing circles and squares on personality judgments in a metaphor-consistent manner, the round-warm and square-competent associations were investigated. We conducted a study in which participants drew as many circles or squares as possible and responded to a questionnaire assessing their interpersonal environment. Results showed that participants in the round condition responded that there were significantly more warm people around them than those in the square condition, and those in the square condition responded that there were significantly more competent and rigorous people around them than those in the round condition. These findings confirmed the metaphor-consistent effect of shapes on social perceptions

The influence of need and ability to achieve cognitive structuring on self-esteem and acceptance of others

When is individuals' high self-esteem compatible with their high acceptance of others and when not? The purpose of this study was to explore the answer to these questions. Ninety-seven undergraduates completed a questionnaire which consists of scales for acceptance of new and old friends, which have three sub-scales; trust, impression and closeness, Need for Cognitive Structuring (NCS) scale, and Ability to Achieve Cognitive Structure (AACS) scale. Consistent with the predictions, only under low NCS and high AACS condition, individuals' high self-esteem was compatible with high trust in a new friend, but for the case of old friends, the interaction effect of AACS and NCS on trust was not found. Implication and limitation of this study were discussed

The effect of the direction of intergroup comparison, sharing another category, and trait self-esteem on the rejective attitude toward a superior in-group member

In a real society, individuals who do well on a task are sometimes exclusively treated from in-group members. It is because they may threaten the other in-group members' personal identity. This study examined whether such rejective attitude is constrained in the condition where the direction of intergroup comparison and sharing another category were manipulated. Seventy-six participants who are undergraduate students were asked to take a test of social intelligence and them received information about social intelligence. Using sex category as in-group, the direction of inergroup comparison was manipulated. After that, participants were received the feedback of their own point and an in-group member's point which are higher than their own point, that is, all participants were in the interpersonal upward comparison condition. At the same time, whether another category is shared with each other or not was manipulated, using arts-science category. Finally participants were asked the tendency of rejective attitude toward the comparison taget, and debriefed. Results showed that in the condition of intergroup upward comparison and unsharing another category, individuals with low trait self-esteem constrain rejective attitude, although they are less skilled at avoiding the threat to their identity. This study illustrated that the motive to maintain and/or enhance their personal and social identity affect the tendency of rejective attitude toward a superior in-group member

The moderating effect of mutual self-disclosure on self-other mutual influence processes concerning self-appraisal : How is identity negotiation conducted?

In this study we examined the moderating effect of mutual self-disclosure on the self-other mutual influence processes concerning self-appraisal. We hypothesized that the mutual self-disclosure would moderate the identity negotiation processes on the early stage of interpersonal relationship, but on the stable stage it would not. The results consisted with the hypothesis. On the early stage, among the high mutual self-disclosure persons (who perceived that they and a partner had disclosed something about the self each other frequently), the identity negotiation process that self-appraisal was influenced by partner's appraisal was found. But among the low mutual self-disclosure persons (who perceived that they and a partner had not disclosed something about the self each other frequently) the identity negotiation process was not found. On the stable early stage, identity negotiation process was not found regardless of the frequency of mutual self-disclosure. Over all, these results suggest that people negotiate with others on their identity by mutual self-disclosure on the early stage of interpersonal relationships. How the identity negotiation process is conducted on the stable stage was discussed

Experimental Study of Slat Noise from 30P30N Three-Element High-Lift Airfoil in JAXA Hard-Wall Low-Speed Wind Tunnel

Aeroacoustic measurements associated with noise radiation from the leading edge slat of the canonical, unswept 30P30N three-element high-lift airfoil configuration have been obtained in a 2 m x 2 m hard-wall wind tunnel at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). Performed as part of a collaborative effort on airframe noise between JAXA and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the model geometry and majority of instrumentation details are identical to a NASA model with the exception of a larger span. For an angle of attack up to 10 degrees, the mean surface Cp distributions agree well with free-air computational fluid dynamics predictions corresponding to a corrected angle of attack. After employing suitable acoustic treatment for the brackets and end-wall effects, an approximately 2D noise source map is obtained from microphone array measurements, thus supporting the feasibility of generating a measurement database that can be used for comparison with free-air numerical simulations. Both surface pressure spectra obtained via KuliteTM transducers and the acoustic spectra derived from microphone array measurements display a mixture of a broad band component and narrow-band peaks (NBPs), both of which are most intense at the lower angles of attack and become progressively weaker as the angle of attack is increased. The NBPs exhibit a substantially higher spanwise coherence in comparison to the broadband portion of the spectrum and, hence, confirm the trends observed in previous numerical simulations. Somewhat surprisingly, measurements show that the presence of trip dots between the stagnation point and slat cusp enhances the NBP levels rather than mitigating them as found in a previous experiment

Enhancement and suppression of correspondence inference in attitude attribution : Focusing on the effect of first person pronouns and instructions for accurate judgment

人々には,他者の言動に対応した属性を推論する傾向があり(対応推論),その傾向は,他者の言動が社会的に拘束されていると知っていても生じることが明らかにされている(対応バイアス)。対応バイアスは,容易には消失しないことから,非常に強固な現象であると捉えられているが,それゆえに,対応バイアスやその基礎となる対応推論を促進・抑制させる要因について検討した研究も存在する。本研究では,日本語における一人称代名詞「私」が明示,もしくは,省略された文章が,対応推論に及ぼす効果について,2つの研究で検討を行なった。研究1では,Jones & Harris(1967)の態度帰属の実験方法を踏襲し,書き手が立場を選択できない状況で書いた,日本語の一人称代名詞が明示された文章を読んだ場合に,省略された文章を読んだ場合よりも,対応推論が促進されることが示唆された。研究2では,日本語の一人称代名詞の有無に加え,書き手の真の態度を正確に判断するよう実験参加者に教示するか否かを状況操作して検討を行なった。その結果,正確な判断をするよう教示されずに一人称代名詞のある文章を読んだ場合に,最も対応推論が促進されることが示唆された。文化的背景に基づく要因と対応バイアスや対応推論との関連性,および,今後の研究の課題について考察した。People have a tendency to infer attributes corresponding to the behavior of others (correspondence inference). This tendency has also been observed even if the behavior of others is socially restrained (correspondence bias). In this study, we examined the effect that inclusion or omission of the Japanese first person pronoun "I" had on correspondence inference. Study 1 indicated that correspondence inference was more pronounced when participants believed that an essay which included first person pronouns was written by a target person in the no-choice situation, relative to that without first person pronouns. Study 2 found that the greatest influence of correspondence inference occurred when participants who read an essay that included first person pronouns were not instructed to accurately judge the true attitude of a target person. Implications of cultural context-based factors and issues for future research were discussed

The influence of perceived distinctiveness in romantic relationships on the cooperative and uncooperative orientations of lovers

本研究では,親密な関係における特別観が関係の相手に対する行動にどのような影響を及ぼすのかを検討した。大学生474名を対象とする調査研究を行った。親密な関係での特別観は関係内での協調的な志向性を高め,他方非協調的な志向性を抑制することが示された。さらに,特別観が協調的・非協調的志向性に及ぼす影響は,相互依存諸変数(代替肢の質,満足度,投資量,コミットメント)が志向性に及ぼす影響と独立したものであることも示された。これらの結果より,親密な関係に対して強い特別観をもつ者は非協調的な行動がとれないことが示唆された。親密な関係における特別観がその当事者に不適応を生じさせる可能性について議論した。In this study, we examined whether the perceived distinctiveness in romantic relationships affects how romantic partners act toward their partners. Four-hundred and seventy-four undergraduates participated in a questionnaire survey. It was found that the level of perceived distinctiveness bolsters cooperativeness, while inhibiting uncooperativeness amongst partners. Furthermore, the influence process of perceived distinctiveness on these orientations was found to be independent of interdependence variables (comparisons for alternatives, satisfaction, investment, and commitment; see Rusbult, 1983). These results suggest romantic partners who perceive their relationship as possessing greater distinctiveness may find it difficult to undertake uncooperative actions. We discussed the possibility that perceived distinctiveness of romantic relationships could result in maladaptation between the partners

Effects of intergroup upward comparison, trait self-esteem, and identity shift on state self-esteem and affect in upward comparison with in-group members

The present study investigated factors that protect people low in trait self-esteem (Low-SEs), who may be less skilled at constructing information in self-enhancing manners, from threats after interpersonal upward comparison with in-group members. We hypothesized that even Low-SEs can maintain their state self-esteem under intergroup upward comparison. Furthermore, this study explored the possibility that individuals used identity-shift, a strategy to maintain their personal identity, even in an intergroup upward comparison condition. The results of a quasi-experiment supported these hypotheses. We further explored the possibility that individuals might use a twofold strategy to protect/enhance their self-esteem based on an interplay of personal and social identity