Influence of protein diet with or without omega-3 fatty acids on the development of non-alcoholic fatty degeneration of olanzapine-induced rat liver

U svetu ali i kod nas terapija antipsihoticima je terapija izbora u povećanju kvaliteta života pacijenata sa mentalnim poremećajima koji zbog svojih pozitivnih osobina da skoro ne izazivaju ekstrapiramidalni sindrom. Oksidativni stres ima važnu ulogu u patofiziologiji psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati uticaj hronične primene olanzapina na nastanak nealkoholne masne bolesti jetre pacova koji su na hroničnoj proteinskoj ishrani sa ili bez omega 3 masnih kiselina. Eksperimentalna studija na životinjama Wistar albino soja (n=96; starost 8 nedelja, 200 ± 20 g) in vivo i in vitro podeljenih u 8 grupa u odnosu na dijetalni režim i farmakološki tretman. Nakon farmakološkog i dijetalnog tretmana od 6 nedelja, životinje se žrtvuju pri čemu bi se sprovela patohistološka i biohemijska ispitivanja. Za vizuelizaciju struktura u histološkim sekcijama upotrebljavalo se H&E, Masson trichrome bojenja za utvrđivanje obima morfoloških i histoloških promena i kvantifikaciju portne inflamacije, broja Kupffer-ovih ćelija, fokalne nekroze hepatocita i mikro i makrovezikularnih masnih promena jetre. U homogenatu tkiva i krvi životinje određivani su se sledeći parametri: Parametri redoks ravnoteže (superoksid anjon radikal O2-, vodonik peroksid H2O2, indeks lipidne peroksidacije TBARS, nitriti NO2-); katalaza (CAT), superoksid dismutaza (SOD) i redukovani glutation (GSH) i rutinske biohemijske analize. Olanzapin dovodi do razvoja nealkoholne masne jetre i povećanja ukupnog skora nekroinflamatorne aktivnosti u jetri. Analizom biohemijskih parametara, utvrđeno je da olanzapin dovodi do povećanja vrednosti glikemije, holesterola, enzima jetre (AST i ALT), dok nije evidentiran značajan uticaj leka na LDL holesterol, trigliceride, HDL holesterol i enzime jetre gama-GT i ukupne bilirubine. Olanzapin poseduje snažan oksidacioni potencijal i uticaj na rast oksidativnih slobodnih radikala. Promene su okarakterisane kao razvoj toksičnog hepatitisa usled hronične primene leka.In the world, but also in our country, antipsychotic therapy is the therapy of choice in increasing the quality of life of patients with mental disorders who, due to their positive properties, almost do not cause extrapyramidal syndrome. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of chronic olanzapine administration on the development of non - alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats on a chronic protein diet with or without omega 3 fatty acids. This was an experimental study in animals of Wistar albino strain (n = 96; age 8 weeks, 200 ± 20 g) in vivo and in vitro divided into 8 groups according to diet and pharmacological treatment. After 6 weeks of pharmacological and dietary treatment, the animals were sacrificed and pathohistological and biochemical tests are performed. For visualization of structures in histological sections, H&E, Masson trichrome staining were used to determine the extent of morphological and histological changes and quantification of portal inflammation, Kupffer cell number, focal hepatocyte necrosis, and micro and macro-vesicular fatty changes of the liver. The following parameters were determined in the homogenate of animal tissue and blood: Redox equilibrium parameters (superoxide anion radical O2-, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, lipid peroxidation index TBARS, nitrites NO2-); catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and routine biochemical analyzes. Olanzapine leads to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver and an increase in the overall score of necro-inflammatory activity in the liver. Analysis of biochemical parameters revealed that olanzapine leads to an increase in glycemia, cholesterol, liver enzymes (AST and ALT), while no significant effect of the drug on LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and liver enzymes gamma-GT and total bilirubin was recorded. Olanzapine has a strong oxidative potential and influence on the growth of oxidative free radicals. The changes were characterized as the development of toxic hepatitis due to chronic drug administration

Genesis of propaganda as a strategic means of hybrid warfare concept

We bear witness to the impact that information has on decision - making process, political practice, international relations, as well as the widest public opinion. Manipulation of information and systematic intrusion of social engineering drivers indicate the wide large-scale repercussions in different parts of world, changing the face and dynamics of international relations, governmental structure, political and ethnic contexts, economic and ownership relations. Regarding the analyses of previous academic and scholar literature, those effects could be marked as consequences of implementation of the Hybrid Warfare concept implemented through psychological operations and communication strategies. Content analyses and induction-deduction work intend to provide a baseline for frame analyses of mass communication usage for achieving the Hybrid Warfare concept aims

The new media strategy of the Serbian Armed Forces as an instrument of soft power

The paper elaborates the concept and significance of media policy and implements it to the Serbian Armed Forces. The importance of the media in the security sector at national and international level is analyzed and the need for good media representation of the Serbian Armed Forces is emphasized in order to support the public for important decisions concerning military and security issues. The concept of strategic communications and their relationship with the media policy that the Armed Forces should develop as one of the instruments of soft power, which is of interest not only to this system, but also to the state and society, has been presented. Moreover, the main elements are presented, whose fulfillment would create conditions for the establishment and conduct of an adequate media policy as an instrument of soft power

Olanzapine-focus on the cardiometabolic side effects

In this article, we review the recent findings concerning weight gain, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular side effects in patients receiving olanzapine. It will consider the OLZ is associated with an increase in metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular events, and knowledge of these risks is crucial for further monitoring of patients with OLZ-treatment. Although it is one of the most commonly prescribed and effective AATPs, olanzapine causes the most weight gain and metabolic impairments in humans. As not-ed with glucose abnormalities and antipsychotics, olanzap-ine has the greatest propensity for causing proatherogenic hyperlipidemia. The mechanism of dyslipidemia with OLZ is poorly understood, but OLZ has been shown to increase lipogenesis, reduce lipolysis, and enhance the antilipolytic effects of insulin in adipocytes. Olanzapine can induce car-diomyopathy in selected patients. Taken together, all mentioned data indicate that interventions aimed at the amelioration of obesity and cardiovascular illness need to be as multipronged and complex as the contrib-uting psychosocial, behavioural, and biological factors that make obesity and cardiovascular illness more likely in patients with severe mental illness, including schizophrenia

Adrenaline, whether is it given according to the CPR recommendations, depending on the CPR duration length?

INTRODUCTION: According to current recommendations for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for OHCA we can distinguish two kinds of rhythms: shockable (VF / VT) and non shockable (asystole / PEA). Drug that is used in both kinds of rhythms is adrenaline, except that with shockable rhythms it is used after the third defibrillation (about 6 minutes after the beginning of CPR), and with non shockable rhythms it is used within the first two minutes and is repeated every 3-5 minutes. Also, the recommendations state that CPR should be performed as long as the shockable rhythm persist, or there is some of the reversible causes of OHCA which we can treat, and in the case of asystole lasting longer than 20 minutes should be decided about the termination of CPR. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: By retrospective analysis we got materials from the register of Emergency Medical Services Sombor in one year period starting from January 1st 2014 until January 1st 2015. RESULTS: During the observed period, our Service has had 63 OHCA when CPR was performed and those cases could be statistically analyzed. From those, shockable rhythms as the initial rhythm were in 21 cases or in 33.3%, and non shocable rhythms in 42 cases or in 66.7%. The average arrival time at the location was 5 minutes and 44 seconds, in case of shockable rhythms 4 minutes and 51 seconds, and in case of non shocable rhythms 6 minutes and 3 seconds. Average duration of CPR was 27 minutes and 12 seconds, as for the shockable rhythms 23 minutes and 45 seconds, and for non shocable rhythms 28 minutes and 56 seconds. In total was given 210 ampoules of adrenaline, with average of 3.33 ampoules of adrenaline per one CPR. Depending on the initial rhythm, for shockable rhythms was given an average of 2.05 ampoules of adrenaline (every 11 minutes and 35 seconds), and for non shocable rhythms 3.98 ampoules of adrenaline (every 7 minutes and 12 seconds). CONCLUSION: If by the use of adrenaline can be assessed whether the teams of our Services work under the recommendations and if this small sample can be considered statistically significant (percentage of the patients with established circulation (ROSC) 34.9%), we must be realistic and admit that we do not apply recommendations enough, and that the strict application of recommendations would bring even better results and greater survival rate

Hybrid nature of extremism: Cohesive characteristics of ethno-nationalism and religious extremism as generators of Balkan insecurity

It will be no mistake to say that the region of the Balkans is the site with 'good soil' for conflicts. A significant number of scholars, who have analyzed the nature of conflicts in the Balkans, recognized the 1990s wars as religious conflicts. Others point out that the nature of these conflicts is based on ethnic and ethno-nationalist reasons. Taking into account the complex character of the 'Balkans powder keg', it could be said that both views are correct. But then again, each of these conflicts had (and has) certain differences that support the thesis by which this particularly sensitive issue must by analyzed with exclusive respect for the role of religion. Namely, the role of religion is prominent and significant in almost all Balkan conflicts inspired by ethno-nationalist ideas and passions. In this regard, the main objective of this paper is to emphasize the so called 'hybrid' character of the Balkans antagonisms and conflicts, which have extremist-religious and ethno-nationalist components at the same time

Corrosion behavior of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy

Corrosion behaviour of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy was examined. The alloy was prepared by conventional melting and casting route and then thermally processed by applying T4 heat treatment regime (solutionizing at 370 °C for 3 hours followed by water quenching and natural aging). Corrosion rate of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy was determined in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution through immersion test using both weight loss method and polarization resistance measurements. It was shown that applied thermal treatment resulted in increased ductility of the heat-treated alloy and had a small beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance of ZA27 alloy

Numerical Analysis of the Temperature Field in the Cutting Zone in Continuous and Discontinuous Metal Cutting by Turning

Temperature of cutting is a very important indicator of the cutting process. High specific pressures and high temperatures in the narrow cutting zone result in a drop of hardness of the tool material, the intensification of the abrasion and deformation of the cutting elements, losing the cutting abilities, and finally the failure of the cutting tool. The aim of this paper is to calculate the temperature fields using the existing numerical models for the simulation of thermodynamic processes on the wedge of the cutting tool (based on the finite element method). A special accent is given to the numerical calculation of temperatures in the conditions of continuous and discontinuous turning for specific cutting conditions (processing regime, tool geometry and thermo-mechanical characteristics of the tool materials and workpiece materials) using different simulation models. The Third Wave AdvantEdge software package was used for the simulation of orthogonal turning, and some of the results of the calculations of the temperature fields were compared with the results of experimental measurements

Corrosion behavior of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy

Corrosion behaviour of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy was examined. The alloy was prepared by conventional melting and casting route and then thermally processed by applying T4 heat treatment regime (solutionizing at 370 °C for 3 hours followed by water quenching and natural aging). Corrosion rate of the as-cast and heat-treated ZA27 alloy was determined in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution through immersion test using both weight loss method and polarization resistance measurements. It was shown that applied thermal treatment resulted in increased ductility of the heat-treated alloy and had a small beneficial effect on the corrosion resistance of ZA27 alloy