17,206 research outputs found
BLS Spotlight on Statistics: Women in the Workforce Before, During, and after the Great Recession
[Excerpt] A major factor that contributed to the growth of the U.S. labor force in the second half of the twentieth century was the remarkable increase in the labor force participation rate of women. During this time, the U.S. economy experienced economic growth that increased the demand for labor. Baby boomers (those born between 1946 and 1964) began entering the labor force in large numbers in the early 1960s as they reached working age. Coupled with the rapidly increasing labor force participation rate of women, this resulted in a large influx of women into the labor market. After peaking in 1999, the labor force participation rate of women has continuously declined. During this time, the baby-boom generation aged and the economy experienced the impacts of the severe 2007–09 recession. BLS projects women\u27s labor force participation rate to continue its decline in the 2014–24 decade
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Zero-one IP problems: Polyhedral descriptions & cutting plane procedures
A systematic way for tightening an IP formulation is by employing classes of linear inequalities that define facets of the convex hull of the feasible integer points of the respective problems. Describing as well as identifying these inequalities will help in the efficiency of the LP-based cutting plane methods. In this report, we review classes of inequalities that partially described zero-one poly topes such as the 0-1 knapsack polytope, the set packing polytope and the travelling salesman polytope. Facets or valid inequalities derived from the 0-1 knapsack and the set packing polytopes are algorithmically identifie
Baryon Self-Energy With QQQ Bethe-Salpeter Dynamics In The Non-Perturbative QCD Regime: n-p Mass Difference
A qqq BSE formalism based on DB{\chi}S of an input 4-fermion Lagrangian of
`current' u,d quarks interacting pairwise via gluon-exchange-propagator in its
{\it non-perturbative} regime, is employed for the calculation of baryon
self-energy via quark-loop integrals. To that end the baryon-qqq vertex
function is derived under Covariant Instantaneity Ansatz (CIA), using Green's
function techniques. This is a 3-body extension of an earlier q{\bar q}
(2-body) result on the exact 3D-4D interconnection for the respective BS wave
functions under 3D kernel support, precalibrated to both q{\bar q} and qqq
spectra plus other observables. The quark loop integrals for the neutron (n) -
proton (p) mass difference receive contributions from : i) the strong SU(2)
effect arising from the d-u mass difference (4 MeV); ii) the e.m. effect of the
respective quark charges. The resultant n-p difference comes dominantly from
d-u effect (+1.71 Mev), which is mildly offset by e.m.effect (-0.44), subject
to gauge corrections. To that end, a general method for QED gauge corrections
to an arbitrary momentum dependent vertex function is outlined, and on on a
proportionate basis from the (two-body) kaon case, the net n-p difference works
out at just above 1 MeV. A critical comparison is given with QCD sum rules
results.Comment: be 27 pages, Latex file, and to be published in IJMPA, Vol 1
Current driven quantum criticality in itinerant electron ferromagnets
We determine the effect of an in-plane current flow on the critical
properties of a 2d itinerant electron system near a ferromagnetic-paramagnetic
quantum critical point. We study a model in which a nonequilibrium steady state
is established as a result of exchange of particles and energy with an
underlying substrate. the current gives rise not only to an effective
temperature equal to the voltage drop over a distance of order the mean free
path, but also to symmetry breaking terms of the form in the effective action. The effect of the symmetry breaking on
the fluctuational and critical properties is found to be small although (in
agreement with previous results) if rotational degrees of freedom are
important, the current can make the classically ordered state dynamically
unstable.Comment: 4 pages, published versio
3D-4D Interlinkage Of qqq Wave Functions Under 3D Support For Pairwise Bethe-Salpeter Kernels
Using the method of Green's functions within a Bethe-Salpeter framework
characterized by a pairwise qq interaction with a Lorentz-covariant 3D support
to its kernel, the 4D BS wave function for a system of 3 identical relativistic
spinless quarks is reconstructed from the corresponding 3D form which satisfies
a fully connected 3D BSE. This result is a 3-body generalization of a similar
2-body result found earlier under identical conditions of a 3D support to the
corresponding qq-bar BS kernel under Covariant Instaneity (CIA for short). (The
generalization from spinless to fermion quarks is straightforward).
To set the CIA with 3D BS kernel support ansatz in the context of
contemporary approaches to the qqq baryon problem, a model scalar 4D qqq BSE
with pairwise contact interactions to simulate the NJL-Faddeev equations is
worked out fully, and a comparison of both vertex functions shows that the CIA
vertex reduces exactly to the NJL form in the limit of zero spatial range. This
consistency check on the CIA vertex function is part of a fuller accounting for
its mathematical structure whose physical motivation is traceable to the role
of `spectroscopy' as an integral part of the dynamics.Comment: 20 pages, Latex, submitted via the account of K.-C. Yan
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