4,734 research outputs found
A Model for Measuring Cognitive Complexity of Software
This paper proposes a model for calculating cognitive complexity of a code. This model considers all major factors responsible for (cognitive) complexity. The practical applicability of the measure is evaluated through experimentation, test cases and comparative study
Applicability of Weyuker’s Properties on OO Metrics: Some Misunderstandings
Weyuker’s properties have been suggested as a guiding tool
in identification of a good and comprehensive complexity measure by several researchers. Weyuker proposed nine properties to evaluate complexity measure for traditional programming. However, they are extensively used for evaluating object-oriented (OO) metrics, although the object-oriented features are entirely different in nature. In this paper, two recently reported OO metrics were evaluated and, based on it; the usefulness and relevance of these properties for evaluation purpose for object-oriented systems is discussed
Weighted Class Complexity: A Measure of Complexity for Object Oriented System
Software complexity metrics are used to predict critical information about reliability and maintainability of software systems. Object oriented software development requires a different approach to software complexity metrics. In this paper, we propose a metric to compute the structural and cognitive complexity of class by associating a weight to the class, called as Weighted Class Complexity (WCC). On the contrary, of the other metrics used for object oriented systems, proposed metric calculates the complexity of a class due to methods and attributes in terms of cognitive weight. The proposed metric has been demonstrated with OO examples. The theoretical and practical evaluations based on the information theory have shown that the proposed metric is on ratio scale
and satisfies most of the parameters required by the measurement theor
A vortex-based subgrid stress model for large-eddy simulation
A class of subgrid stress (SGS) models for large-eddy simulation (LES) is presented based on the idea of structure-based Reynolds-stress closure. The subgrid structure of the turbulence is assumed to consist of stretched vortices whose orientations are determined by the resolved velocity field. An equation which relates the subgrid stress to the structure orientation and the subgrid kinetic energy, together with an assumed Kolmogorov energy spectrum for the subgrid vortices, gives a closed coupling of the SGS model dynamics to the filtered Navier-Stokes equations for the resolved flow quantities. The subgrid energy is calculated directly by use of a local balance between the total dissipation and the sum of the resolved-scale dissipation and production by the resolved scales. Simple one- and two-vortex models are proposed and tested in which the subgrid vortex orientations are either fixed by the local resolved velocity gradients, or rotate in response to the evolution of the gradient field. These models are not of the eddy viscosity type. LES calculations with the present models are described for 32^(3) decaying turbulence and also for forced 32^(3) box turbulence at Taylor Reynolds numbers R-lambda in the range R(lambda)similar or equal to 30 (fully resolved) to R-lambda=infinity. The models give good agreement with experiment for decaying turbulence and produce negligible SGS dissipation for forced turbulence in the limit of fully resolved flow
Evaluation of greenwaste mulch to control runoff quality from landfill sites during frequent storms
This paper describes a preliminary evaluation of two types of greenwaste (fresh and aged) used as a mulch layer to control runoff from disturbed landfill areas. Fresh greenwaste refers to woody and herbaceous garden waste that has been recently collected, chopped and shredded. Aged greenwaste is greenwaste which has been stockpiled for 18 months. We used rainfall simulator tests to investigate two aspects: (1) the performance of greenwaste mulch in reducing runoff during designed storm events with a high frequency of occurrence and (2) the release of pollutants via runoff as total suspended solids (TSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) during rain. Rainfall of <5-year average recurrence interval (ARI) was generally applied, consistent with stormwater compliance requirements for many Australian landfills. TOC released from fresh greenwaste material was higher in concentration than from aged greenwaste. However when used as a 10cm-deep mulch layer, fresh greenwaste was able to completely prevent runoff, even when tested under rainfalls up to 50 year ARI duration. An equivalent mulch layer of aged greenwaste was also effective in reducing runoff volume and TSS concentration compared with the bare soil during a 3.5-year ARI rainfall, but mean TOC concentration was higher. Based on these preliminary results, fresh greenwaste mulching of bare soils is an attractive option to control runoff and erosion from areas subject to intermittent landfill operations and worthy of further investigations
Modeling The X-ray Timing Properties Of Cygnus X-1 As Caused By Waves Propagating In A Transition Disk
We show that waves propagating in a transition disk can explain the short
term temporal behavior of Cygnus X-1. In the transition disk model the spectrum
is produced by saturated Comptonization within the inner region of the
accretion disk where the temperature varies rapidly with radius. Recently, the
spectrum from such a disk has been shown to fit the average broad band spectrum
of this source better than that predicted by the soft-photon Comptonization
model. Here, we consider a simple model where waves are propagating
cylindrically symmetrical ly in the transition disk with a uniform propagation
speed (). We show that this model can qualitatively explain (a) the
variation of the power spectral density (PSD) with energy, (b) the hard lags as
a function of frequency and (c) the hard lags as a function of energy for
various frequencies. Thus the transition disk model can explain the average
spectrum and the short term temporal behavior of Cygnus X-1.Comment: accepted for publication in APJ letter
INTRINSIC MECHANISM FOR ENTROPY CHANGE IN CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM EVOLUTION
It is shown that the existence of a time operator in the Liouville space
representation of both classical and quantum evolution provides a mechanism for
effective entropy change of physical states. In particular, an initially
effectively pure state can evolve under the usual unitary evolution to an
effectively mixed state.Comment: 20 pages. For more information or comments contact E. Eisenberg at
[email protected] (internet)
Evidence For Advective Flow From Multi-Wavelength Observations Of Nova Muscae
We model the UV/optical spectrum of the black hole binary Nova Muscae as a
sum of black body emissions from the outer region of an accretion disk. We show
for self-consistency that scattering effects in this region are not important.
The black hole mass (), the inclination angle () and the distance to the source ( kpc) have been
constrained by optical observations during quiescence (Orosz et al. 1996).
Using these values we find that the accretion rate during the peak was g sec and subsequently decayed
exponentially. We define a radiative fraction () to be the ratio of the
X-ray energy luminosity to the total gravitational power dissipated for a
keplerian accretion disk. We find that and remains nearly
constant during the Ultra-soft and Soft spectral states. Thus for these states,
the inner region of the accretion disk is advection dominated. probably
increased to during the Hard state and finally decreased to
as the source returned to quiescence.Comment: 5 figures. uses aasms4.sty, accepted by Ap
Detection of the high energy cut-off from the Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 5273
We perform the NuSTAR and Swift/XRT joint energy spectral fitting of
simultaneous observations from the broad-line Seyfert 1.5 galaxy NGC 5273. When
fitted with the combination of an exponential cut-off power-law and a
reflection model, a high energy cut-off is detected at 143 keV
with 2-sigma significance. Existence of such cut-off is also consistent with
the observed Comptonizing electron temperature when fitted with a
Comptonization model independently. We observe a moderate hard X-ray
variability of the source over the time-scale of ~12 years using INTEGRAL/ISGRI
observations in the energy range of 20-100 keV. When the hard band count rate
(6-20 keV) is plotted against the soft band count rate (3-6 keV), a hard offset
is observed. Our results indicate that the cut-off energy may not correlate
with the coronal X-ray luminosity in a simple manner. Similarities in
parameters that describe coronal properties indicate that the coronal structure
of NGC 5273 may be similar to that of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3 and
another galaxy MCG-5-23-16 where the coronal plasma is dominated by electrons,
rather than electron-positron pairs. Therefore, the coronal cooling is equally
efficient to the heating mechanism keeping the cut-off energy at low even at
the low accretion rate.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRA
- …