All We Need to Know about Normal and Abnormal Human Teeth

Type of dentition, number of teeth in primary and permanent dentition, and appearance of the teeth in both dentitions have been extensively described in the literature. There are 20 teeth in primary dentition and 32 in permanent dentition. Teeth typically exhibit normal appearance, although small variations may appear. Abnormal teeth can be detected via careful clinical or radiographical observation. Variations in appearance, structure, and eruption of teeth can be influenced by factors such as genetics, trauma, certain drugs, and periapical lesions. These factors can alter teeth shape, number, size, and position. Teeth with anomalies can have a negative impact on a person’s appearance as well as functions such as eating and can even lead to psychological problems. They can be detected with different X-ray techniques, but cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the most precise

Distance learning and foreign language teaching

Among numerous modes of technology enhanced learning there are not many that have received as much attention as distance learning. Stimulated by the recent rapid developments in Web technologies, researchers in both ICT and education are constantly working to make the most of technological resources and put them to the best pedagogical use. In the area of foreign language teaching a lot has been done to cover a variety of world languages, but there are constant attempts for new solutions, taking into consideration specific needs of language learners. This paper is based on our experience in implementing and the desire to improve a set of three academic English language courses at the Faculty of Information Technology (FIT), the first university institution that have introduced distance learning system in Serbia and delivers academic programmes both traditionally and as distance learning. The first part of the paper presents the technological aspect of the FIT e-learning system, common for all FIT courses. Then we move on to discuss the major specificities of foreign language teaching. Next, we examine the process of development and implementation of English courses at FIT in terms of general course design, selection of teaching materials, technological and pedagogical processing of course materials, the role of the teacher, student support and motivation, performance assessment, course evaluation, and key differences between the two modes of delivery which have to be taken into account. The final part of the paper deals with the noted inadequacies and difficulties of technological and pedagogical nature, as well as challenges and new steps in improving the English courses at FIT. In conclusion, we highlight the complexity of technological, organizational, and not the least, pedagogical issues involved, but also hope to provide a solid starting point for more ambitious projects concerning distance learning and foreign language teaching

Sugars and acid invertase mediate the physiological response of Schenkia spicata root cultures to salt stress

A heterotrophic model system was established in our studies in order to differentiate the effect of high salt concentrations in external medium on growth and sugar metabolism in roots from the effect of reduced sugar availability resulting from decreased photosynthesis under salinity. Soluble sugar content and the activity of acid invertase in root cultures of salt-tolerant (ST) and salt-sensitive (SS) Schenkia spicata (L.) Mansion genotypes were investigated during exposure to different NaCI concentrations (0-200 mM). Their response to severe salinity was characterized by a metabolic adjustment that led to the accumulation of sucrose (Suc) in root tissues. There was clear evidence that cell wall invertase (CW-Inv) is, the major contributor to the Suc/hexose ratio in roots during exposure to elevated salinity. The results of CW-Inv activity and immunodetection assays in our study suggest that the regulation of CW-Inv expression is most likely achieved in a salt stress dependent manner. Also, NaCI modulated soluble acid invertase (SA-Inv) expression differentially in SS and ST genotypes of S. spicata. Regardless of the salt treatment, genotype, or the amount of enzyme, SA-Inv activity was generally low, indicating regulation at the posttranslational level. The results suggest no direct role of SA-Inv in the regulation of the root tissue carbohydrate pool and therefore in the control of the availability of glucose and fructose for the primary metabolism and/or osmotic adjustment in the present heterotrophic model system, 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved

Comparative phytochemical analysis of Gentiana cruciata L. roots and aerial parts, and their biological activities

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of methanol extracts of Gentiana crudata L. aerial parts and roots, as well as the stability of the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of extracts during heating, at different pHs and after an in vitro digestion procedure. Also, their genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity against carbon tetrachloride in the liver of albino Wistar rats using the comet assay were evaluated. Three secoiridoid glycosides (swertiamarin, gentiopicrin, and sweroside) and four phenolic compounds (orientin, vitexin and two isovitexin-glucosides) were identified as the major constituents in aerial parts and roots of G. cruciata, using UHPLC-DAD/+/- HESI-MS/MS analysis. The results of antioxidant assays showed that aerial parts displayed higher antioxidant activity compared to the roots, which could be related to higher phenolics content, especially flavonoids. In general, extracts showed pH and thermal stability, while duodenal condition had more influence on total phenolic condition and antioxidant activity of extracts. Both extracts showed a protective effect against CCl4 in comet assays. The roots extract showed no genotoxic activity, while aerial parts extract showed slight genotoxicity at concentrations of 400 mg/kg b.w. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia {[}III 43004, III 41010, OI 173024

Application of the Kvaal Method in Age Estimation of the Serbian Population Based on Dental Radiographs

This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of the Kvaal method in determining the age of a Serbian population. In this retrospective descriptive study, 170 dental patients (age range 16–77 years) were included. The measurements of six types of teeth were performed on digital orthopantomography radiographs according to the Kvaal method. Statistical inter-observer and intra-observer reliabilities were calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of the measurements, as well as to examine the correlation between chronological age and measured values. The evaluation revealed a substantial difference (over 12 years) between chronological and estimated age. The P ratio had the strongest correlation with chronological age for the maxillary central (r = ±0.293) and lateral incisors (r = ±0.240), whereas the pulp/root width ratio at level A had the strongest correlation for the mandibular first premolars (r = ±0.270). The lowest SD values, for measurements on teeth 15/25 (SD = 125,787), had the most accurate correlation with age. Thus, we can conclude that the original Kvaal method is not applicable in the age estimation of the Serbian population. For future research, we suggest using cone beam computer tomography as a precise technology to evaluate the applicability of Kvaal and other methods for age estimation

Additional file 1: Table 1. of Analysis of the frequency of EGFR, KRAS and ALK mutations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma in Croatia

Raw data. (XLSX 30 kb