Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamic evaluation of Nizatidine microspheres on experimental animals

Mucoadhesive microspheres overcome the physiological adversities like short gastric residence time promoting the drug bioavailability. In the present investigation Nizatidine loaded Eudragit RS 100 microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using disparate drug polymer ratios with Eudragit RS 100 polymer and Nizatidine loaded chitosan microspheres were prepared by coacervation phase separation method. The prime objective was to enhance the absorption and bioavailability by prolonging the gastric residence time. Totally six formulations RES1- RES6 Eudragit RS 100 microspheres and six formulations RCP1 – RCP6 Eudragit RS100 microspheres were prepared and evaluated. RES3 and RCP3 showed nearly 90% drug release after 24 h. Hence the Nizatidine loaded Eudragit RS100 microspheres and Chitosan microspheres were further studied for the in vivo study for the suitability of the formulation. The bioavailability of nizatidine after oral ingestion is about 50% and is absorbed via the small intestine and it may be attributed to permeability of the intestine is relatively slow in nature. Hence the current research was to widen the therapeutic efficacy of Nizatidine by formulating microspheres enhance the intestinal permeability as well as bioavailability by performing the anti-ulcer activity. Keywords: Microspheres, Eudragit RS 100, Chitosan, Bioavailability

Crater formation in gold nanoislands due to mev self-ion irradiation

The modification of gold nanoislands, grown on silicon substrates under high-vacuum conditions, by MeV self-ion irradiation has been studied by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray reflectivity. Upon irradiation with 1.5MeVAu2+, two types of craters are observed on the Au islands: Empty craters and craters with a central hillock. The contribution of plastic flow, pressure spike, and sputtering to the crater formation during the ion impacts on the gold islands is analyzed. Thermal spike confinement within the gold islands is also proposed to be one of the possible reasons for crater formation in nanoislands

A Review: Protein Interaction & Behavior Assessment in Host Cells after Novel Drug Compound Administration using Systems Biology Approach

To understand complex biological systems requires the integration of experimental and computational research; in other words systems biology approach. Computational biology, through via different software helps in exploration more than one gene expression at a time and also understanding the connectivity, Systems Biology provides a powerful foundation from which to address critical scientific questions head-on. The reviews in this Insight cover many different aspects of this energetic field, although all, in one way or another, illuminate the functioning of modular circuits, including their robustness, design and manipulation. Computational systems biology addresses questions fundamental to our understanding of life, yet progress here will lead to practical innovations in medicine, drug discovery and engineering, In this study we have evaluated th

Current Scenario of Molecular Diagnostics in Indian Healthcare Sector

After successfully accomplishing the Human genome project and opening new avenues for genome based diagnostics and therapy in healthcare sector, development of personalized medicine and advancing molecular diagnostics has been the prime agenda of scientists all-round the globe. Molecular diagnostics has made possible the diagnosis of the previously undetected viral nucleic acids, early access of data to doctors, a deeper understanding of the disease cause, treatment dose and success of the treatment depending upon the case. It has provided an immense scope of novel and more sophisticated biotechnology and biomedical tools to be employed in the sector procreating a new interdisciplinary field. The gene based testing in all fields has flourished in leaps and bounds after the prediction of >5% in 2005. Here we discuss the current scenario, scope and limitations of the Molecular diagnostics in terms of its significance in public health care

Understanding Environmental and Social Reasons Towards Abnormal Menstruation Cycle in Indian Women

The human female reproductive system is by far the most complex biological system, abnormal menstruation cycles is directly associated with type 2 diabetes and they have shown to be associated with cardiovascular disorders as well. The underlying reasons for abnormal menstruation cycle in Indian women is just not stress, birth control pills and or disease symptoms but signs of social and environmental factors are clearly evident now in form or traditional societal practices. This paper aims to understand the abnormal behavior of the menstruation cycle in Indian women

The deciding role of texture on ductility in a Ce containing Mg alloy

This is the first successful attempt to produce Mg-Ce alloys of different texture through different processing routes while keeping the grain size and grain size distribution same. Tensile data shows that contribution of texture to ductility enhancement is primary and that of grain refinement is secondary. The texture resulting from multi-axial forging of extruded billets followed by annealing exhibits the highest ductility (similar to 40%) at room temperature. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Non-equilibrium microstructure, crystallographic texture and morphological texture synergistically result in unusual mechanical properties of 3D printed 316L stainless steel

Mechanisms underlying the evolution of texture and microstructure during selective laser melting (SLM) and their combined effects on the mechanical response of 316L stainless steel are presented. Long columnar grains with a fiber texture < 110 > || build direction (BD) evolved in the SLM printed material. Fiber texture was stronger in the horizontal build compared to the vertical build. Use of bidirectional scanning strategy enforced epitaxial growth of grains across melt pools present within a single printed layer. < 110> || BD texture evolved as a consequence of maintaining the balance between epitaxy and growth of 100] along maximum thermal gradient. High dislocation density and not grain size effect of the ultra-fine cellular structure, imparted high strength to 316L. Lower average Schmid factor and smaller effective grain size in the horizontal build by virtues of crystallographic and morphological textures, respectively, imparted higher yield strength than the vertical build. The horizontal build demonstrated higher strain hardening rate in the early stages of deformation compared to the vertical build due to higher crystallographic texture dependent twinning. However, the higher rate of dislocation annihilation led to a continuous decline in the strain hardening rate of the horizontal build. In contrast, a stable strain hardening rate was maintained in the vertical build, which led to higher ductility than the horizontal build. In summary, the roles of non-equilibrium microstructure and texture (crystallographic and morphological) in regulating mechanical properties elucidated here, can be utilized in designing additively manufactured structural components of 316L stainless steel

A Comprehensive Review on Post Harvest Physiological Disorders in Citrus Fruit Crops (Citrus spp.)

Post-harvest physiological disorders in citrus fruit crops (Citrus spp.) present significant challenges that impact both the economic and environmental aspects of global agriculture. This comprehensive review explored various dimensions of the subject, ranging from the description and classification of major disorders, such as chilling injury, rind staining, water loss, and mold, to the innovative detection and diagnostic techniques being employed in the industry. Through an extensive examination of prevention and management strategies, the review sheds light on pre-harvest factors, post-harvest treatments, and the role of modern technologies and agronomic practices in mitigating these disorders. It also delves into the economic losses and environmental consequences linked to different management approaches, underlining the need for sustainability and eco-friendly solutions. A particular focus is given to the emerging trends and technologies in the field, including nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and natural treatments, all of which signal a shift towards a more integrated and sustainable management approach. By identifying current research gaps and the necessary future research direction, the review highlights opportunities for innovation and collaboration among growers, researchers, and policymakers. In addition, it emphasizes the broader implications of these disorders and their management on global trade, labor markets, and regulatory landscapes. This review serves as a valuable reference for stakeholders in the citrus industry, providing insights and guidance on best practices, technological advancements, and future perspectives. It represents an essential step towards aligning the citrus production with global sustainability goals and fostering a resilient industry capable of adapting to the ever-changing demands and challenges of the modern world