Recovery and Screening of α-Galacotosidase Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Dairy Products

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in fermented foods has long been consumed by humans without any obvious adverse effects. Therefore, they are potent candidates as vehicles for the delivery of digestive enzymes. Stachyose, a tetrasaccharide, is believed to contribute to flatulent properties of soyabeans that limit their use for human consumption. LAB including some Lactobacillus plantarum, L.fermentum,L. buchneri and reuteri  hydrolyze α- galactosides or non-digestible carbohydrates into digestible carbohydrates during fermentation. These bacteria are therefore a source of α -galactosidase. If soy milk could be fermented with these microorganisms that utilize stachyose either to produce acid or to hydrolyze it to mono and disaccharides, the product thus prepared ought to be less flatulent and therefore, more acceptable. In present study, total 27 lactic acid bacteria were recovered selectively on MRS agar from the various milk and milk products. All the 27 isolates were characterized morphologically and the colonies were white to cream and gram positive. Out of 27 LAB only 5 isolates were found to be positive for α- galactosidase enzyme. α-galactosidase activities were determined by using p-NPG. All 5 α- galactosidase producer were further subjected for various biochemical characterization for partial identification and were catalase negative, and casein hydrolysis, sugar fermentation, nitrate reduction positive. Reduction of α- galactosides by the 5 selected isolates were evaluated. The isolate, RLAB α-4, CLAB α-14, CLAB, CLAB α-20 α-18 and WLAB α-25 degraded 67.56 %, 45.94%, 54.05%, 70.27%, and 64.86% α- galactosides respectively. CLAB α-20 degraded maximum concentration of α- galactosides and RLAB α-14 degraded least concentration of α- galactosides

Construction of an eco-friendly water treatments method by utilizing recycled materials- A review.

The most problematic issue of rural areas is the provision of clean water at a relatively low cost and energy rates. Industries discharge chemical effluents that contaminate existing water bodies. Chlorination may be one solution but are not employed in mass as they are less convenient to use. People die out of water borne diseases which in itself act as a source of motivation for resolving and analyzing the problem as soon as possible. In the present article, the demand of water treatment process that is chemical free, inexpensive, and simple to build has been increasing with the rise in population and pollution levels has been reviewed

An Improvement in Stability of MANET using Flow Admission Control Algorithm

An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile hosts forming a temporary network without the aid of any centralized administration or standard support services. However flows transported across mobile ad hoc wireless networks suffer from route breakups caused by nodal mobility. In a network that aims to support critical interactive real-time data transactions, to provide for the uninterrupted execution of a transaction, or for the rapid transport of a high value file, it is essential to identify stable routes across which such transactions are transported. Noting that route failures can induce long re-routing delays that may be highly interruptive for many applications and message/stream transactions, it is beneficial to configure the routing scheme to send a flow across a route whose lifetime is longer, with sufficiently high probability, than the estimated duration of the activity that it is selected to carry. We evaluate the ability of a mobile ad hoc wireless network to distribute flows across routes which is sufficiently stable for successful transmission. As a special case, for certain applications only transactions that are completed without being prematurely interrupted may convey data to their intended users that is of acceptable utility. We describe the mathematical calculation of a network’s stable throughput measure, as well as its stable throughput capacity. We proposed the stable throughput and flow admission control routing algorithm (SFAR) to provide for the timely and stable transport of flow transactions across mobile ad hoc wireless network systems

Potential role of microbial surfactants in environment control recovered from oil contaminated and non-contaminated sites

A total of 20 samples were collected from contaminated (oil contaminated) as well as non-contaminated (agricultural) sites. A total of 10 bacterial isolates were recovered from these samples out of which 6 were recovered from non contaminated sites and 4 were recovered from contaminated sites gave emulsification index ranged from 44% to 73%. Different carbon sources viz. maltose, starch, sucrose, mannitol and nitrogen sources viz. urea, peptone, potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate were screened to obtain optimum emulsification activity by KMSS09 and KIWS11. In this study mannitol and peptone was evaluated as best carbon and nitrogen source for the production of bioemulsifier. Further these potential isolates were evaluated for some environmental applications viz. Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery and Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon assay having important role in bioremediation. The percentage oil recovered by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 51.67%, 71.67% and 85.0% respectively. In BATH assay, percentage of bacterial adherence by KMSS09, KIWS11 and P. aeruginosa MTCC 2297 was 80.4%, 86.3% and 93.2% respectively showing wide applicability in bioremediation for pollution remediation of metal and hydrocarbon contaminated field.&nbsp

New Error Model of Entropy Encoding for Image Compression

Entropy coding provides the lossless compression of data symbols and is a critical component in signal compression algorithm. In our case we have designed a new model which reduces the Interpixel redundancy and have better results as compared to other models like lossless predictive code (LPC) and Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). Our new proposed Scheme for Huffman coding will achieve higher compression as we have also reduce the standard deviation in the error image tremendously as compare to LPC and DPCM

Class groups of real cyclotomic fields

We prove that every finite abelian group G occurs as a subgroup of the class group of infinitely many real cyclotomic fields.Comment: References have been updated and some typos have been corrected. To appear in Monatshefte f\"ur Mathemati

Edge Computing in IoT: Vision and Challenges

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) and the success of rich cloud services have pushed the horizon of a new computing paradigm, edge computing, which calls for processing the data at the edge of the network. Edge computing has the potential to address the concerns of response time requirement, battery life constraint, bandwidth cost saving, as well as data safety and privacy. In this paper, we introduce the definition of edge computing, followed by several case studies, ranging from cloud offloading to smart home and city, as well as collaborative edge to materialize the concept of edge computing. Finally, we present several challenges and opportunities in the field of edge computing, and hope this paper will gain attention from the community and inspire more research in this direction