A Review on Edge Based Image Steganography

Security of the information has always been the interesting area for researchers. Integrity, Confidentiality, and Authentication are main security principles. There are so many techniques developed to achieve these security principles using cryptography. But all these techniques are unable to keep the communication secret. Although the attacker is unable to access the secret message but he knows about the existence of the message. To overcome this limitation of cryptography a new idea is proposed by researchers that is Steganography. Steganography is the art of concealing secret message in a carrier such as text, image, audio, video and protocol messages. Different Steganography techniques are used based on these carrier messages and way of hiding. The choice of these method is depends on the requirements of application. Some application requires huge data embedding and some require high secrecy. This paper gives a review on image Steganography based on edge detection and their comparative study. It also gives an overview of basic edge detection techniques

Dentofacial and Cranial Changes in Down Syndrome

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of certain oral characteristics usually associated with Down syndrome and to determine the oral health status of these patients.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending a special education program at Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India. The study design consisted of closed-ended questions on demographic characteristics (age, sex, and education and income of parents), dietary habits, and oral hygiene habits. Clinical examination included assessment of oral hygiene according to Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), dental caries according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, periodontal status according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), and malocclusion according to Angles classification of malocclusion. Examinations were carried out using a using a CPI probe and a mouth mirror in accordance with World Health Organization criteria and methods. Craniometric measurements, including maximum head length and head breadth were measured for each participant using Martin spreading calipers centered on standard anthropological methods.ResultsThe majority of the patients were males (n = 63; 82%) with age ranging from 6–40 years. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score of the patients indicated that 31% had moderate mental disability and 52% had mild mental disability. 22% exhibited hearing and speech problems.12% had missing teeth and 15% had retained deciduous teeth in adult population. The overall prevalence of dental caries in the study population was 78%. DMFT, CPITN and OHI scores of the study group were 3.8 ± 2.52, 2.10 ± 1.14 and 1.92 ± 0.63 respectively. The vast majority of patients required treatment (90%), primarily of scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene education. 16% of patients reported CPITN scores of 4 (deep pockets) requiring complex periodontal care. The prevalence of malocclusion was 97% predominantly of Class III malocclusions. Further 14% presented with fractured anterior teeth primarily central incisor. The percentage means of cephalic index was 84.6% in the study population. The brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic type of head shape was dominant in the Down syndrome individuals (90%).ConclusionThe most common dentofacial anomaly seen in these individuals was fissured tongue followed by macroglossia

Assessment of thyroid dysfunction in women with menstrual disorders in reproductive age group

Background: Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrine disorders in the world. Thyroid dysfunction can disrupt a variety of metabolic and physiological processes, including the menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was to discover a pattern of thyroid dysfunction in women with menstrual disorders. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study that includes 116 women. With reproductive age menstrual disorder. Thyroid dysfunction was tested in women who had menstrual problems. Serum free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were used to assess thyroid function. Results: The mean age of study patients was 25.7±6.8 years. The most common menstrual disorder was irregular cycle 72.5%, amenorrhea 21.9%, and menorrhagia 5.6%. The majority of the patients were between the ages of 15 and 24 (51.1%), followed by 25-34 (36.1%) and 35-45 (12.9%). The mean free T3 and T4 levels were 2.911.05 pg/ml and 1.420.57 ng/dl, respectively. TSH was 2.0 mIU/L on average (IQR, 1.0-4.0). Thyroid dysfunction was observed in 25.8% of the women (n=60). Subclinical hypothyroidism (14.2%, n=33) was the most common thyroid dysfunction, followed by subclinical hyperthyroidism (6.9%, n=16), overt hyperthyroidism (3%, n=7), and overt hypothyroidism (1.7%, n=4). Conclusions: The study reveals that women with menstrual disorders frequently have thyroid dysfunction, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism. In order to rule out thyroid disorders as potential etiological agents for menstrual disturbances, it may therefore be advantageous to screen patients with menstrual disorders for thyroid function

Antiviral medicinal plants of India as a potential tool against COVID-19: A review with ethno scientific evidence

Indian traditional medicinal systems are one of the oldest therapeutic systems in the world. Medicinal and aromatic plants play a dominant role in Indian traditional medicinal systems. Traditionally, many medicinal plants are used in India for their therapeutic relevance so much so that they have acquired a significant role in Indian religion as well. Many of these plants have proven antiviral effects. This review documents up-to-date information about many such medicinal herbs used in India which have got pharmacological significance in fighting viral infections. These plants surely have the potential to provide protection against Covid-19. The review presents a list of such plants along with their chemical ingredients and possible modes of action against the respective viral diseases. All information has been obtained by consulting the databases of Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and relevant research papers and reports on COVID-19. The cited medicinal plants are used extensively in India as herbal remedies. The use of these plants is validated in light of research papers citing their ethnobotanical uses, important active principles and modes of action of the of medicinally important natural products. The plants listed have great potential to fight COVID-19 and other viral infections. Many of these are immunity boosters providing strength to the body to control the onset of diseases

Efficacy of some insecticides against Thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom cowpea crop ecosystem

The study was conducted to determine efficacy of insecticides against Thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom on cowpea grown at field experiments were conducted at Breeder Seed Production Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 2014.The most effective treatment for the control of thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom was seed treatment with fipronil @ 3 ml/kg + spray with fipronil @ 5 ml/lt with maximum reduction (70.06%) in the thrips population of cowpea while lowest effective treatment for the control of thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom was seed treatment with imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 10ml/kg + spray with monocrotophos 36SL @ 2ml/lt with minimum reduction (16.02%) in the thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom population of cowpea crop

Pathomicrobial studies on Salmonella Gallinarum infection in broiler chickens

Aim: To conduct detailed pathomicrobial studies on Salmonella Gallinarum infection in broiler chickens.Materials and Methods: Bacteriological and pathological studies were conducted on 134 dead poultry birds collected from 23 different farms suspected to be infected with S. Gallinarum.Results: Mortality pattern revealed that maximum mortality occurred in 1-2 week aged birds. Out of 23 Salmonella isolates, 19 samples were identified as S. Gallinarum (9, 12) and 4 samples as Salmonella Enteritidis (9, 12: gm). Isolates were found to be most sensitive to Polymyxin B (100%). The present study also showed re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity (83.33%). Pathological lesions observed were bronze discolouration of liver, splenomegaly and necrotic foci on liver, spleen and heart. Microscopically, liver and spleen revealed aggregation of heterophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, non-suppurative myocarditis, fibrinous pericarditis, interstitial nephritis, necrotic enteritis and serofibrinous pneumonia.Conclusion: It was concluded that S. Gallinarum 9, 12 was the main serotype causing Salmonellosis in poultry birds. Polymyxin B was the most sensitive drug (100%) for Salmonella infection along with re-emergence of chloramphenicol sensitivity for Salmonella (83.33%) infection

Forensic Analysis in Wildlife Crime Cases: Microscopy, DNA Profiling and Isotope Analysis

Illegal wildlife trade is one of the biggest threats to the environment and biodiversity. The growing volume of illegal trade in wildlife jeopardizes all the conservation efforts across the globe. Many species have become extinct due to the illegal wildlife trade and many have reached the verge of extinction. According to some estimates, the monetary values of the illegal wildlife trade are estimated to be several billion US dollars. To deal with wildlife crime cases, it becomes imperative to have a sound knowledge of the techniques required in the analysis of wildlife crime exhibits. In this chapter, we have outlined the three frequently used techniques in wildlife forensics viz. microscopy, DNA and isotope analysis for addressing the problems of species and individual identification, and additionally identification of the geographical origin of a wildlife sample. The basic essentials of these techniques have been discussed in this chapter

Genetic analysis of SLC47A1, SLC22A1, SLC22A2, ATM gene polymorphisms among diabetics in an Indian population

Background: Metformin is a first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the glycaemic response to metformin is likely to be affected by polymorphisms of transporter genes. Therefore, the study was done with the  aim to assess demographic distribution of transporter genotypes involved in disposition and action of metformin.Methods: This cross-sectional, observational, single centre, clinical study was conducted in 80 diabetic patients recruited from medicine OPD. Descriptive analysis was done for distribution of the four transporter genotypes viz. SLC47A1 (rs2289669), ATM (rs11212617), SLC22A2 (rs316019) and SLC22A1 (rs622342). Genotyping was determined by DNA extraction, agarose gel electrophoresis, estimation of DNA concentration, polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing, sequencing analysis.Results: Transporter genotype analysis showed that for SLC47A1 (rs2289669) transporter, 31.25% and 26.25% were homozygous for AA and GG allele respectively, while 42.5% were heterozygous (AG). For ATM (rs11212617), SLC22A2 (rs316019) and SLC22A1 (rs622342) transporter, 45% and 10%, 1.25% and 80%, 58.75% and 7.50% were homozygous for AA and CC allele respectively; while 45%, 18.75%, 33.75% were heterozygous (AC) respectively. Interethnic differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of SLC22A1 (rs622342) and ATM (rs11212617) gene polymorphism were observed when compared with other major populations.Conclusions: In the genotypic distribution of four transporter genotype study showed that there was an ethnic variation in allelic distribution of allele A and C of ATM (rs11212617) and SLC22A1 (rs622342) while AA genotype of SLC22A2 (rs316019) was rare genotype and allele ‘A’ was major allele found in our study. The study data observed would justify further pharmacogenetic studies to evaluate the role of gene polymorphism in the therapeutic efficacy of metformin.

Nickel ferrite nanoparticles induced improved fungal cellulase production using residual algal biomass and subsequent hydrogen production following dark fermentation

The present study reports nickel ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4 NPs) induced enhanced production of crude cellulase enzyme using residual algal biomass of cyanobacteria Lyngbya limnetica as substrate. It is noticed that the residual algal substrate and NiFe2O4 NPs mediated crude cellulase exhibits nearly 2.5 fold enhanced filter paper activity after 72 h along with better efficiency in terms of pH and thermal stability as compared to the control system. Further, NiFe2O4 NPs mediated crude cellulase enzyme was employed for the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw to produce sugar hydrolyzate. Subsequently, using bacterial strains Bacillus subtilisPF_1 the cumulative hydrogen ~ 1820 mL/L has been produced under the dark fermentation.</p