Structure of salts solution in polar dielectric liquids and electrically induced separation of solvated ions

The aim of study is to demonstrate that separation of solvated ions in solution of mix of salts under the action of external periodic electric field happens because of around ions there are formed clusters consisting of molecules of solvent and the sizes of such clusters have dimensions ~ 0.1 [mu]m. In investigations the sizes of clusters theoretically were defined and experimentally value of frequency of external electric field which action excites the effect of separation of the solvated ions was defined. Experiments were done in the Technical Physics Chair of the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University. At theoretical determination of the dimensions of clusters Poisson's equation was solved and was considered that polar molecules of solvent are oriented under the action of electric field of an ion. The chemical composition of samples of solutions was determined by means of the spectrophotometry and he X-ray excited fluorescent radiation analysis method. Theoretical estimates and results of experiments confirmed the assumption that clusters which are formed around ions in solutions have the dimensions ~ 0.1 [mu]m. Results of investigation testify that placing of volume distributed electric charge of ion in dielectric liquid is accompanied by formation of the supramolecular particles, which we called "clusters", linear sizes of which is significantly more than first and second radiuses of solvation (~ 1 Angstrom) and reach size ~ 0.1 [mu]m. At such sizes inertial properties of clusters and their natural frequencies give the chance to operate their movement by means of action of external electric field on solution

On one mechanism of light ablation of nanostructures

The mechanism of mechanical ablation of nanoparticles during the interaction with a high-power laser radiation pulse is proposed. A particle is polarized under a laser electric field, and electric forces acting on field-induced oppositesign charges cause rupture stresses. Upon reaching the stresses exceeding the maximum allowable values for a given material, a nanoparticle decays into two ones. This effect can be used for narrowing the size distribution of nanoparticles produced by the laser ablation method

Application of the Gadolinium Isotopes Nuclei Neutron-Induced Excitation Process

The possibility of transformation of energy of fast and epithermal neutrons to energy of coherent photon radiation at the expense of a neutron pumping of the active medium formed by nucleus with long-living isomerous states is theoretically described. The channel of the nucleus formation in isomeric state as a daughter nucleus resulting from the nuclear reaction of neutron capture by a lighter nucleus is taken into consideration for the first time. The analysis of cross sections’ dependence of radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of gadolinium isotopes Gd155 and Gd156 is performed. As a result, it is stated that the speed of Gd156 nuclei formation exceeds the speed of their “burnup” in the neutron flux. It is provided by a unique combination of absorbing properties of two isotopes of gadolinium Gd155 and Gd156 in both thermal and resonance regions of neutron energy. Conditions required for making isotope nuclei excited by forward neutron scattering on nuclei and for storing nuclei in excited states are formulated. The possibility of excess energy accumulation in the participating medium created by the nuclei of the pair of gadolinium isotopes Gd155 and Gd156 due to formation and storage of nuclei in isomeric state at radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of the stable isotope with a smaller mass is shown. It is concluded that when the active medium created by gadolinium nuclei is pumped by neutrons with the flux density of the order of 1013 cm−2 s−1, the condition of levels population inversion can be achieved in a few tens of seconds. The wave length of the radiation generated by the medium is 0.0006 nm

Titanium compounds as catalysts of higher alpha-olefin-based super-high-molecular polymers synthesis

The synthesis of polymers of 10 million or more molecular weight is a difficult task even in a chemical lab. Higher α-olefin-based polymer agents of such kind have found a narrow but quite important niche, the reduction of drag in the turbulent flow of hydrocarbon fluids such as oil and oil-products. In its turn, searching for a catalytic system capable to produce molecules of such a high length and to synthesize polymers of a low molecular-mass distribution is part of a global task of obtaining a high-quality product. In this paper we had observed a number of industrial catalysts with respect to their suitability for higher poly-α- olefins synthesis. A number samples representing copolymers of 1-hexene with 1-decene obtained on a previous generation catalyst, a microsphere titanium chloride catalytic agent had been compared to samples synthesized using a titanium-magnesium catalyst both in solution and in a polymer medium

Dynamics of population of gadolinium-156 nuclei energy levels during neutron pumping of isotope-modified gadolinium oxide

The possibility of transformation of energy of fast and epithermal neutrons to energy of coherent photon radiation at the expense of a neutron pumping of the active medium formed by nucleus with long-living isomerous states is theoretically described. The channel of the nucleus formation in isomeric state as a daughter nucleus resulting from the nuclear reaction of neutron capture by a lighter nucleus is taken into consideration for the first time. The analysis of cross sections dependence of radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of gadolinium isotopes Gd155 and Gd156 is performed. As a result, it is stated that the speed of Gd156 nuclei formation exceeds the speed of their “burnup” in the neutron flux. It is provided by a unique combination of absorbing properties of two isotopes of gadolinium Gd155 and Gd156 in both thermal and resonance regions of neutron energy. The possibility of excess energy accumulation in the participating medium created by the nuclei of the pair of gadolinium isotopes Gd155 and Gd156 due to formation and storage of nuclei in isomeric state at radiative neutron capture by the nuclei of the stable isotope with a smaller mass is shown. It is concluded that when the active medium created by gadolinium nuclei is pumped by neutrons with the flux density of the order of 1013 cm-2·s-1, the condition of levels population inversion can be achieved in a few tens of seconds. The wave length of the radiation generated by the medium is 0.0006 nm

A mechanism for creating an inversion of populations of energy levels

The possibility of the Gadolinium nuclei energy levels population inversion under neutron bombardment is theoretically shown. In the process two isotopes of gadolinium take part. Light isotope Gd155 capturing neutron transforms to heavy isotope Gd156 at that heavy nucleus is in an excited metastable state. The population inversion is investigating during several tens of second when the neutron flux intensity is 1013 cm-2 · s-1

Titanium compounds as catalysts of higher alpha-olefin-based super-high-molecular polymers synthesis

The synthesis of polymers of 10 million or more molecular weight is a difficult task even in a chemical lab. Higher α-olefin-based polymer agents of such kind have found a narrow but quite important niche, the reduction of drag in the turbulent flow of hydrocarbon fluids such as oil and oil-products. In its turn, searching for a catalytic system capable to produce molecules of such a high length and to synthesize polymers of a low molecular-mass distribution is part of a global task of obtaining a high-quality product. In this paper we had observed a number of industrial catalysts with respect to their suitability for higher poly-α- olefins synthesis. A number samples representing copolymers of 1-hexene with 1-decene obtained on a previous generation catalyst, a microsphere titanium chloride catalytic agent had been compared to samples synthesized using a titanium-magnesium catalyst both in solution and in a polymer medium

Excitation Frequencies of the Effects of Selective Drift of Solvated Cations in Moving Salts Solution

Interaction of external electric field with free and bound charges in the salt solution volume in polar dielectric fluid was considered and the equation describing ion oscillations relative to solvent molecules was obtained. Fundamental frequencies of the solvation shell relative to the ion in different approximations describing the system: ion - solvation shell were evaluated. The results of comparison with the experiment pointed out that the model, in which the solvated ion is considered as a spherical rotator formed by the solvent molecules layer bordering with the external solvation shell, is the most appropriate. It provides an opportunity of development of new technologies for extraction of rare earth elements

Excitation frequencies of the effects of selective drift of solvated cations in moving salts solution

Interaction of external electric field with free and bound charges in the salt solution volume in polar dielectric fluid was considered and the equation describing ion oscillations relative to solvent molecules was obtained. Fundamental frequencies of the solvation shell relative to the ion in different approximations describing the system: ion - solvation shell were evaluated. The results of comparison with the experiment pointed out that the model, in which the solvated ion is considered as a spherical rotator formed by the solvent molecules layer bordering with the external solvation shell, is the most appropriate. It provides an opportunity of development of new technologies for extraction of rare earth elements