Nutritional assessment and status of hospitalized infants

Malnutrition during infancy has long-term adverse consequences for both physical and psychological development. Early detection of malnutrition among hospitalized infants is essential to provide optimal nutrition support. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the nutritional status of hospitalized infants using 2 methods: the Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA) and anthropometric measurement. We also investigated diagnostic category associated with nutritional status, the mean anthropometric z scores, and explored the association between malnutrition and nutrition focused variables.Nutritional status of 110 hospitalized infants ages 31 days to 12 months was investigated using the SGNA and anthropometric measurements converted to z scores.Utilizing the SGNA, 78 (70.9%) infants were classified as having normal nutritional status, 30 (27.3%) were moderately malnourished, and 2 (1.8%) were severely malnourished. The proportion of infants with acute malnutrition (weight-for-length z scor

Protein Intake, IGF-1 Concentrations, and Growth in the Second Year of Life in Children Receiving Growing Up Milk – Lite (GUMLi) or Cow's Milk (CM) Intervention

The relationship of protein intake with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentrations in well-nourished children during the second year of life is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a reduced-protein Growing Up Milk Lite (GUMLi) or unfortified cow's milk (CM) on protein intake, growth, and plasma IGF-1 at 2 y. An exploratory analysis of a sub-sample of Auckland-based children (n = 79) in the GUMLi trial (a double-blind, randomised control trial, N = 160) completed in Auckland and Brisbane (2015–2017) was conducted. One-year old children were randomised to receive a reduced-protein GUMLi (1.7 g protein/100 mL) or a non-fortified CM (3.1 g protein/100 mL) for 12 months. Blood sampling and anthropometric measurements were made at 1 and 2 y. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Total protein intake (g/d) from all cow's milk sources was 4.6 g (95% CI: −6.7, −2.4; p < 0.005) lower in the GUMLi group after 12 months of the intervention, with a significant group-by-time interaction (p = 0.005). Length-for-age (LAZ) and weight-for-length (WLZ) z-scores did not differ between groups, however, mean body fat % (BF%) was 3.2% (95%CI: −6.2, −0.3; p = 0.032) lower in the GUMLi group at 2 y. There was no difference between the intervention groups in relation to IGF-1 and IGF-BP3 (p = 0.894 and 0.698, respectively), with no group-by-sex interaction. After combining the groups, IGF-1 concentration at 2 y was positively correlated with parameters of growth (all p < 0.05), total cow's milk intake (p = 0.032) after adjusting for sex, breastfeeding status, and gestation. Randomisation to a reduced protein GUMLi resulted in small reduction in %BF and lower total protein intakes but had no effect on growth. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations were independently associated with total protein intake from cow's milk at 2 y, highlighting a potential area of the diet to target when designing future protein-related nutrition interventions.Clinical Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12614000918628. Date registered: 27/08/2014

カーネーション キリバナ ノ ヒンシツ ホジ ニ オヨボス ケイジョウ トウ ガンユウリョウ ノ エイキョウ ナラビニ バイヨウチュウ ノ キオン オヨビ ニッシャリョウ ト ノ カンケイ

1999年2月から6月まで毎月1回,同一温室から収穫されたスタンダード・タイプ・カーネーション`フランシスコ\u27の切り花の形状,品質保持期間並びに期間別糖含有量を調査すると共に,品質保持と温室内気象条件の関係について調査した。1.切り花の生体重は2, 3月が大きくこれ以後6月まで低下したが,品質保持期間は3月が4.7日と短く,5月が5.9日で最も長かった。2.5月収穫の花弁のフルクトースとグルコース含有量は各々10mg, 6.5mg・100mg^DWで最も高く,3月は6.0mg, 4.8mg・100mg^DWと低かった。3.切り花収穫前10日間と11日から20日までの日中並びに夜間の平均気温と切り花の品質保持期間の間に有意な相関関係が認められ,回帰式から夜温14℃前後,昼温22℃前後が栽培の適温と推定された。We obtained carnation cut flowers \u27Fransisco\u27 from a greenhouse on the first Monday every month in February to June, and investigated the relationship between vase life and content of sugars in the cut flowers. Correlations between the longevity of vase life and temperatures in the greenhouse and amount of solar radiation during the growing period were also investigated. 1. Fresh weight and stem diameter of the cut flowers were highest in February and March, and decreased from April to June. Mean vase life was shortest in March (4.5 days) and longest in May (5.9 days). 2. Fructose and glucose contents in petals were highest in May (10.0mg and 6.5mg・100mg^ DW) and lowest in March (6.0mg and 4.8mg・100mg^ DW). 3. The vase life of carnation was highly correlated with day-time or night-time mean temperatures in 20 days to harvest, and it was estimated that the optimum growing temperature for long vase life of the cut flower was around 22℃ in day-time and 14℃ in night-time

Infant Colic – What works: A Systematic Review of Interventions for Breastfed Infants

Objectives: To determine the strength of evidence for commonly used interventions for colic in breast-fed and mixed-fed infants younger than 6 months. Methods: Searches of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, AMED, and Web of Science databases were conducted from July 2014 to July 2015. Included studies were randomised controlled trials involving mothers and their colicky infants younger than 6 months; assessed colic against the Wessel or modified Wessel criteria; and included phytotherapies, prescription medicines, and maternal dietary interventions. Studies wit

A tale of two cities: the cost, price-differential and affordability of current and healthy diets in Sydney and Canberra, Australia

The perception that healthy foods are more expensive than unhealthy foods has been reported widely to be a key barrier to healthy eating. However, assessment of the relative cost of healthy and unhealthy foods and diets is fraught methodologically. Standardised approaches to produce reliable data on the cost of total diets and different dietary patterns, rather than selected foods, are lacking globally to inform policy and practice.This paper reports the first application, in randomly selected statistical areas stratified by socio-economic status in two Australian cities, of the Healthy Diets Australian Standardized Affordability and Pricing (ASAP) method protocols: diet pricing tools based on national nutrition survey data and dietary guidelines; store sampling and location; determination of household incomes; food price data collection; and analysis and reporting. The methods were developed by the International Network on Food and Obesity/NCD Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) as a prototype of an optimum approach to assess, compare and monitor the cost and affordability of diets across different geographical and socio-economic settings and times.Under current tax policy in Australia, healthy diets would be 15-17% less expensive than current (unhealthy) diets in all locations assessed. Nevertheless, healthy diets are likely to be unaffordable for low income households, costing more than 30% of disposable income in both cities surveyed. Households spent around 58% of their food budget on unhealthy food and drinks. Food costs were on average 4% higher in Canberra than Sydney, and tended to be higher in high socioeconomic locations.Health and fiscal policy actions to increase affordability of healthy diets for low income households are required urgently. Also, there is a need to counter perceptions that current, unhealthy diets must be less expensive than healthy diets. The Healthy Diets ASAP methods could be adapted to assess the cost and affordability of healthy and unhealthy diets elsewhere

Effect of fortified milk on growth and nutritional status in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective Adequate nutrition is critical for optimal growth and development. However, young children may be at risk of nutrient deficiencies when transitioning to weaning foods for a variety of reasons. Supplementation with fortified milk may provide potentially lacking essential nutrients, but effects on growth and nutritional status are yet to be established. Design Five databases were searched for randomised controlled trials using fortified milk against control milk in young children. Outcomes were growth, body composition and/or biochemical markers. Pooled differences in means were calculated for continuous outcomes and odds ratios for binary outcomes. Setting Randomised controlled trials set in any country. Subjects Otherwise healthy children aged 6-47 months. Results Fifteen articles met the eligibility criteria. Fortification varied from Fe, Zn, vitamins, essential fatty acids, to pre- and/or probiotics. Frequently reported outcomes were weight, height and Fe status. Studies varied in geographical location, sample size and duration. Fortified milk had minimal effects on weight gain (mean difference=0·17 kg; 95 % CI 0·02, 0·31 kg) compared with control milk. The risk of anaemia was reduced in fortified milk groups (OR=0·32; 95 % CI 0·15, 0·66) compared with control groups. There were no significant effects on height gain, changes in body composition or Hb concentration. Conclusions Fortified milk is an effective source of complementary nutrition to supplement children in need when consumed in appropriate amounts in addition to a normal diet. Due to compositional differences, further research on fortified milk is warranted before making global recommendations on benefits for growth and nutritional outcomes in young children

Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between gut microbiota composition and cognition in the second year of life : Findings from the Child Health and Resident Microbes study

The relationship between the gut microbiota and brain function are receiving increasing research attention. Studies investigating gut microbiota and early childhood neurocognition are limited, particularly in longitudinal measurements. We examined cross-sectional relationships between gut microbiota of a cohort of otherwise healthy children using 16S rRNA sequencing and their cognitive development measured with Bayley's Scales of Infant Development III at 24 months of age (n = 43), and longitudinal relationships between gut microbiota composition at 12 months (n = 41) of age and neurodevelopment at 24 months of age. Associations between gut microbiota characteristics and cognitive development were observed both cross-sectionally and longitudinally, notably with butyrate producing bacteria among some children. Bacterial diversity varied between cross-sectional and longitudinal observations, where the gut microbiota community of children with lower cognitive scores had a trend toward higher alpha diversity, whereas, in the longitudinal observation, a trend toward reduced alpha diversity was observed. This study is limited by a small sample size and its exploratory nature. Yet, the study contributes to knowledge in the gut microbiota characteristics and early life neurodevelopment, a field of study which is underexplored, presenting opportunities for future larger specific studies.</p

The eradication projects and preventative control of quarantine pests in Okinawa, Japan

Of the several exotic insect species in Japan, five quarantine plant pest taxa: the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis complex, the melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae, the solanaceous fruit fly, Bactrocera latifrons, the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius, and the West Indian sweet potato weevil, Euscepes postfasciatus, have been targeted in eradication programs using the male annihilation technique (MAT) and/or the sterile insect technique (SIT). Although all targeted fruit flies have successfully been eradicated, the incidences of re-invasion by Bactrocera dorsalis complex have been increasing in recent years, indicating the necessity for reinforcement and improvement of countermeasures for fruit fly re-invasion and/or recolonization. The program targeted at C. formicarius achieved the goal of complete eradication in Kume Island. The program for E. postfasciatus has yet to achieve eradication, even though it was initiated at the same time as that for C. formicarius. Major technical improvements are required for successful eradication of E. postfasciatus

Physical activity and exercise in adults diagnosed with primary brain cancer: a systematic review

Purpose: The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) describe physical activity (PA) levels following diagnosis of primary brain cancer, (2) determine the relationship between PA levels and health outcomes, and (3) assess the effect of participating in an exercise intervention on health outcomes following a diagnosis of brain cancer. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and CINAHL were searched for relevant articles published prior to May 1, 2020. Studies reporting levels of PA, the relationship between PA and health outcomes, and exercise interventions conducted in adults with brain cancer were eligible. The search strategy included terms relating to primary brain cancer, physical activity, and exercise. Two independent reviewers assessed articles for eligibility and methodological quality (according to Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools). Descriptive statistics were used to present relevant data and outcomes. Results: 15 studies were eligible for inclusion. Most adults with brain cancer were insufficiently active from diagnosis through to post-treatment. Higher levels of PA were associated with lower severity of brain cancer specific concerns and higher quality of life. Preliminary evidence suggests that exercise is safe, feasible and potentially beneficial to brain cancer symptom severity and interference, aerobic capacity, body composition and PA levels. However, the level of evidence to support these findings is graded as weak. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that it is likely appropriate to promote those with brain cancer to be as physically active as possible. The need or ability of those with brain cancer to meet current PA guidelines promoted to all people with cancer remains unclear.</p