Probiotic Bacillus species and Saccharomyces boulardii improve performance, gut histology and immunity in broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a new multispecies probiotic containing four Bacillus species and Saccharomyces boulardii (Microguard®) with a commercial probiotic (Protexin®) and a commonly used antibiotic in broilers. Six hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomized to six experimental treatments, with five replicates of 20 chicks each, for 42 days, receiving an ad libitum corn-soybean basal diet. Treatments were added to the basal diet and consisted of tetracycline as an antibiotic growth promoter (500 g/ton), three dosages of Microguard (50, 100 and150 g/ton) or Protexin (100 g/ton). The control group received the basal diet with no additive. The group fed with Microguard at 150 g/ton showed increased final bodyweight, weight gain, high density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and antibody titres against Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) levels. Improved feed conversion ratio, increased villus height, and villus highest crypt depth ratio, along with lower plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, were found in probiotic-supplemented broilers. Carcass yield, liver weights, breast muscle values, and abdominal fat weights were reduced in groups fed with 100 or 150 g/ton of Microguard. Caecal coliforms, Salmonella and Escherichia coli numbers decreased in groups fed with 100 or 150 g/ton of Microguard. These results show that Microguard at 150 g/ton is a promising probiotic to replace antibiotics in broiler feed as a growth-promoter while enhancing immune system responses and inducing beneficial modulations in the caecal microflora.Keywords: blood biochemistry, broiler chicks, carcass traits, performance, probioti

Does routine repeat testing of critical laboratory values improve their accuracy?

Background: Routine repeat testing of critical laboratory values is very common these days to increase their accuracy and to avoid reporting false or infeasible results. We figure that repeat testing of critical laboratory values has any benefits or not. Methods: We examined 2233 repeated critical laboratory values in 13 different hematology and chemistry tests including: hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet, international normalized ratio, partial thromboplastin time, glucose, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin. The absolute difference and the percentage of change between the two tests for each critical value were calculated and then compared with the College of American Pathologists/Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments allowable error. Results: Repeat testing yielded results that were within the allowable error on 2213 of 2233 specimens (99.1). There was only one outlier (0.2) in the white blood cell test category, 9 (2.9) in the platelet test category, 5 (4) in the partial thromboplastin time test category, 5 (4.8) in the international normalized ratio test category and none in other test categories. Conclusion: Routine, repeat testing of critical hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet, international normalized ratio, partial thromboplastin time, glucose, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin results does not have any benefits to increase their accuracy

Altered hip mechanics and patellofemoral pain. A review of literature

Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common knee disorder in orthopedic clinics. In the last decade, several investigations have considered the role of proximal factors in addition to local and distal factors in development of PFP. There is a hypothesis which suggests that impaired neuromuscular control and altered hip joint kinematic affect tibiofemoral and patellofemoral biomechanics. Hence, PFP may develop as a result. This article reviews studies assessing the relationship between altered hip mechanics and PFP. The Medline and PubMed databases were searched between January 2004 and October 2014. Two authors independently selected related articles using the same search strategy and key words. Among 149 articles, 16 met the review inclusion criteria. The study results were described in three sections: 1) kinematic studies, 2) muscle activity studies, and 3) postural stability studies. Increased hip adduction and internal rotation, gluteal muscle weakness, and neuromuscular impairment were common findings in patients with patellofemoral pain. Precise assessment of hip mechanics, including hip kinematic, muscle performance and postural stability, should be considered in the examination of patients with patellofemoral pain. © MEDSPORTPRESS

Effect of alveolar ridge preservation with PDFDBA on orthodontic tooth movement rate, formation of gingival invagination and root resorption: A randomized, controlled pilot study

Tooth extraction results in resorptive remodeling of the alveolar bone, but alveolar ridge preservation procedure maintains the original shape of the extraction socket. This may be beneficial for space closure by orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). In the current pilot study for randomized controlled clinical trial the effect of alveolar ridge preservation with partial demineralized freezedried bone allograft (PDFDBA) on OTM rate, formation of gingival invagination and root resorption was evaluated. Both mandibular first premolars of 6 patients were extracted due to orthodontic treatment. In a split-mouth study design, alveolar ridge preservation was performed on one side, while the other side served as a control and the extraction socket healed naturally. After 6 weeks of healing period, the canines were moved to the extraction site to close the extraction space. Eight weeks later, the amount of OTM was measured. After space closure, the extraction sites were examined for the presence of gingival invagination. Root resorption was evaluated on digital panoramic radiographs. Photographs were taken for documentation. There was no significant difference in OTM rate between the ridge preserved areas and naturally healed sockets. Gingival invagination formed in 5 of 6 naturally healed sockets; none of the ridge preserved areas showed formation of gingival invagination. No root resorption was observed in any of the teeth adjacent to the extraction sites. Alveolar ridge preservation with PDFDBA has no effect on the rate of OTM and root resorption but prevents formation of gingival invagination during orthodontic space closure

Efectos de la inclusión de trigo y suplementación con xilanasas del pienso sobre la actividad enzimática intestinal, la retención de los nutrientes y la productividad en gallinas de 25 a 33 semanas de edad

El trigo es un cereal rico en xilanos lo que reduce su potencial en piensos para aves de puesta por su efecto perjudicial sobre la digestibilidad y el porcentaje de huevos sucios (Lázaro et al., 2003). La utilización de xilanasas podría resolver esta problemática y mejorar la productividad de las aves. Diversos autores (Gracia et al., 2003) han estudiado los efectos de la inclusión de xilanasas en el pienso sobre la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y la productividad (Gutiérrez-Álamo et al., 2008). Sin embargo, sus efectos sobre la producción de enzimas endógenas y el pH de los diversos segmentos del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de este ensayo fue estudiar la inclusión de una variedad de trigo de alto contenido en xilanos sobre diversas variables digestivas y la productividad en aves de puesta blancas

Efecto de la incusion de hidrolizado de mucosa digestiva porcina (palbio 50 rd®) y del nivel de lisina del pienso sobre los parametros productivos en pollos de 1 a 21 dias de edad

El hidrolizado de mucosa digestiva de porcino (Palbio 50 RD ® , Bioiéerica, S.A., PAL) se utiliza con resultados óptimos en la alimentación de lechones recién destetados (Lindeman el al. 2000; Corassa et al. 2007). En un trabajo reciente, Mohiti-Asli et al. (2011) observaron que la inclusión de PAL mejoraba los resultados productivos en pollos de engorde a cualquier edad. En este trabajo se demostró que los niveles más recomendables de utilización de PAL teniendo en cuenta razones productivas y económicas, era el 2,5%. En esta investigación se estudio el efecto de la inclusión de 2,5% de PAL en piensos para pollos con niveles crecientes de lisina total (LYS, 1,1 a 1,4%). El objetivo fue estudiar si los efectos beneficiosos del PAL sobre la productividad de los pollos eran independientes o no del nivel de LYS del pienso

Growth response of broilers to lysine levels and hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa (Palbio) inclusion in diet from 1 to 21 d of age

Palbio (PAL, Palbio 50 RD, Bioibérica, Spain) is a protein concentrate based on hydrolyzed porcine digestive mucosa dried under a fluid bed system over a soybean carrier, currently used in piglet feeds. The digestibility of PAL is very high and the product may be an excellent source of protein for young chicks. An experiment was conducted with 1,280 straight-run one-d-old Ross 308 chicks to evaluate the growth response of broilers to dietary inclusion of PAL

Clinical outcomes and cost effectiveness of two aftercare models provided by general physicians and nurses to patients with severe mental illness

Background: Implementing community-based psychiatric services is one of the priorities of the WHO/EMRO mental health programs. This study presents an aftercare service, as a community based-service, for patients with severe mental illness (SMIs). Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial design, 176 patients, who attended selective hospitals with SMI, were allocated into three groups: clinical case managers provided by general practitioners, nurses and the control group (usual treatment). The clients and their caregivers received monthly home visits (education and treatment supervision). The effectiveness of the intervention was measured by indicators of psychopathology such as scores of YOUNG, caregivers' knowledge and satisfaction with the services. Health-related quality of life (SF-36) was considered as the primary outcome variable. Data were collected at baseline and at 12 months follow-up. Direct and indirect medical costs were obtained through a periodic completion of questionnaires and interviews by care-givers. Cost effectiveness ratio was estimated as cost per QALY gained in each group. SPSS 16.0 was used in this survey and statistical methods were chi-square, ANOVA, Scheffe as post-Hoc test and paired sample t-test with 95 confidence interval and 0.05 significance level. Results: The results of our study revealed that the score of YOUNG, caregivers' knowledge and satisfaction with service were improved in both intervention groups after 12 months. Improvement in health-related quality of life was observed in the general practitioner and nurse group. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio was 5740807 IRR and 5048459 IRR per QALYs gained in the general practitioner and nurse groups, respectively. Conclusion: The model of aftercare services provided by trained nurses is the most cost- effective and feasible model for Iran's socio-economic conditions with low resource allocations