Info-Communicative and Protective Function of the State as Combating Fraud using Sberbank Bank Cards

Financial crimes are defined as unfair activities that have become widespread in banking structures. The activities of financial fraudsters often have negative consequences before public rules are created that prohibit them. Intensive transformation processes in financial markets, their automation and virtualisation, the spread of remote interaction between banks and their clients, the influence of unauthorised persons on the software and hardware systems of banks, an increase in the number of cases and trading volumes determine the relevance of clarifying the essence of this phenomenon and the peculiarities of its manifestation in banking structures. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that financial violations can be represented both in the structure of the current activities of banks and the process of interaction with clients and in the structure of expanding the list of services provided. The leading method to study this problem is the method of analysis, which allows to identify and comprehensively consider ways to counter financial crimes in banks to improve the level of financial security. The authors show that structurally, one should take into account, first of all, countermeasures on the part of customers, which often serve as a source of obtaining personal data. In this case, the state function is considered only as a security function for the purpose of possible punishment for fraudulent actions. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibilities of structural implementation of combating financial fraudulent actions in the context of the development of the information society

Cauchy projectors on non-smooth and non-rectifiable curves

Let f (t) be defined on a closed Jordan curve Γ that divides the complex plane on two domains D + , D − , ∞ ∈ D − . Assume that it is representable as a difference f (t) = F + (t) − F − (t), t ∈ Γ, where F ± (t) are limits of a holomorphic in C \ Γ function F (z) for D ± 3 z → t ∈ Γ, F (∞) = 0. The mappings f → F ± are called Cauchy projectors. Let H ν (Γ) be the space of functions satisfying on Γ the Hölder condition with exponent ν ∈ (0,1]. It is well known that on any smooth (or piecewise-smooth) curve Γ the Cauchy projectors map H ν (Γ) onto itself for any ν ∈ (0, 1), but for essentially non-smooth curves this proposition is not valid. We will show that even for non-rectifiable curves the Cauchy projectors continuously map the intersection of all spaces H ν (Γ), 0 < ν < 1 (considered as countably-normed Frechet space) onto itself

Анализ наночастиц и наноматериалов методом рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии

Objectives. The main aim of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge on the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for the characterization of nanoparticles and nanomaterials.Results. XPS or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis can provide information on the qualitative and quantitative composition, valence states of the elements of the samples under study, the chemical composition of the surface and interfaces that determine the properties of nanoparticles and nanostructured materials. The review describes the role of several different methods for the characterization of nanomaterials, highlights their advantages and limitations, and the possibilities of an effective combination. The main characteristics of XPS are described. Various examples of its use for the analysis of nanoparticles and nanomaterials are given in conjunction with additional methods to obtain complementary information about the object under study.Conclusions. XPS provides depth information comparable to the size of nanoparticles (up to 10 nm depth from the surface) and does not cause significant damage to the samples. Two disadvantages of XPS analysis are sample preparation requiring a dry solid form without contaminations and data interpretation. XPS provides information not only on the chemical identity, but also on the dielectric properties of nanomaterials, recording their charging/discharging behavior. Chemical information from the surface of nanoparticles analyzed by XPS can be used to estimate the thickness of nanoparticle coatings. XPS has a high selectivity, since the resolution of the method makes it possible to distinguish a characteristic set of lines in the photoelectron spectrum at kinetic energies determined by the photon energy and the corresponding binding energies in elements. The intensity of the lines depends on the concentration of the respective element. Obtaining a sufficiently complete picture of the properties of nanomaterials requires the use of a group of complementary instrumental methods of analysis.Цели. Основная цель данного обзора - обобщить существующие знания об использовании метода рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии (РФЭС) для характеризации наночастиц и наноматериалов.Результаты. Метод РФЭС или электронной спектроскопии для химического анализа может предоставить информацию о качественном и количественном составе, валентных состояниях элементов исследуемых образцов, химическом составе поверхности и границ раздела, которые определяют свойства наночастиц и наноструктурных материалов. В обзоре описана роль нескольких различных методов для характеристики наноразмерных материалов, подчеркнуты их преимущества, ограничения и возможности эффективной комбинации. Описаны основные характеристики РФЭС. Приведены различные примеры ее использования для анализа наночастиц и наноматериалов в совокупности с дополнительными методами для получения комплементарной информации об изучаемом объекте.Выводы. РФЭС предоставляет информацию о глубине, сравнимой с размером наночастиц (до 10 нм глубины от поверхности), и не вызывает значительного повреждения образцов. Двумя недостатками анализа РФЭС являются подготовка образцов (требуется сухая твердая форма без загрязнения) и интерпретация данных. РФЭС предоставляет информацию не только о химической идентичности, но и о диэлектрических свойствах наноматериалов, регистрируя их поведение при зарядке/разрядке. Химическая информация с поверхности наночастиц, проанализированная с помощью РФЭС, может использоваться для оценки толщины покрытий наночастиц. РФЭС обладает высокой селективностью, поскольку разрешающая способность метода позволяет различить характерный набор линий в фотоэлектронном спектре при кинетических энергиях, определяемых энергией фотонов и соответствующими энергиями связи в элементах. Интенсивность линий зависит от концентрации соответствующего элемента. Получение достаточно полной картины свойств наноматериалов требует использования группы взаимодополняющих инструментальных методов анализа

Efficiency of Using the Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Generator “Fhileas 75” for Disinfection of the Air Ducts of separately Ventilated system for Infected Animal Housing

The aim of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of using the “Fhileas 75” hydrogen peroxide vapor generator for decontaminating the air ducts of the individually ventilated system, “Bio A.S.”, for housing of infected animals.Materials and methods. The hydrogen peroxide vapor generator “Fhileas 75” (France), a disinfectant manufactured by “FHILEASAFE” (7 % hydrogen peroxide solution and 0.15 % peracetic acid solution), separately ventilated system “Bio A.S.” (Germany) for the infected animal housing were applied in the work. Serratia marcescens 9 was used as test-culture.Results and discussion. The efficiency of using the hydrogen peroxide vapor generator “Fhileas 75” for decontamination of air ducts and internal surfaces of the rack of the individually ventilated system “Bio A.S.” on the test-culture S. marcescens 9 at 1·106 mc/ml concentration has been established (operation parameters of the individually ventilated system unit are as follows: air exchange rate – 60 changes per hour, air flow volume – 28 m3/hour, number of disinfection cycles – 5, disinfectant spraying time – 97 min, exposure time – 24 hours)

Studying formation of <I>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</I> biofilms grown under different cultivation conditions

The purpose of the present study is to assess how cultivation conditions influence growth and formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. The topic is of great importance due to high incidence of P. aeruginosa-caused infections and P. aeruginosa resistance associated with its ability to form biofilms. The paper analyzes factors that influence biofilm formation, i.e.: growth phase used for inoculation (log, stationary), volume of the growth medium (0.2 and 1.0 ml) and concentration of nutrients (liquid nutrient media diluted to concentrations of 50; 25; 12.5 and 6%) in the cultivation volume. As the research demonstrates, all these factors influence biofilm formation; and a P. aeruginosa growth phase before inoculation is a determining factor in the biofilm formation. When P. aeruginosa is inoculated at a stationary phase, biofilm formation shows non-linear dependence on concentration of nutrients and on their total amount in the cultivation volume. The linear dependence of biofilm formation on concentration of nutrients in the culture medium is more pronounced, when P. aeruginosa is inoculated at a log phase. The study shows that lower concentrations of nutrient media components lead to more noticeable differences in biofilm formation, and such differences are statistically significant. Two-fold dilution of the liquid nutrient medium does not affect the intensity of biofilm formation; however, a 4 to 8-folddecrease in concentration of nutrients in 0.2 ml of cultivation volume in habited the biofilms formation. In 1.0 ml of the culture medium, the biofilm forms evenly, and in 0.2 ml of 4–8-fold dilution of nutrient medium it grows slower. The slow growth rate is statistically significant. The cultivation volume is also of great importance. For example, cultures grown in 0.2 ml of nutrient medium at different concentrations of nutrients formed fewer biofilms than microorganisms cultivated in 1.0 ml. At the same time, when inoculating P. aeruginosa both at log and stationary growth phases, biofilm formation is more pronounced in wells containing more cultivation volume

Rhythmocardiography and dysregulations of heart rhythm at hypertension disease

Purpose was research and diagnostic evaluation of heart rate deregulation in patients with hyperten-sion disease (HD) by help of high-resolution rhythmocardiography (RCG) and analysis of heart rate variability(HRV) by apparatus-program complex CAP-RC-01-“Micor”(APC), (Certificate № 022б2005/2447-06). 1281 patients with HD were investigated by the RCG. Other diseases were ex-cluded because high-resolution of the APC. Here were peculiarities were defined for every HD stages – prevalence of the autonomic sympathetic HRV-waves at the HD 1 st, amplitude reduction of all waves at the HD 2 stage, as marker of heavy disease and syndrome of autonomic cardioneuropathy with high risk of lethal outcome.С целью выявления и диагностической оценки диcрегуляций сердечного ритма при гипертонической болезни (ГБ) с помощью ритмокардиографии высокого разрешения (РКГ) изучалась вариабельность сердечного ритма (ВСР) на аппаратно - программном комплексе (АПК) КАП-РК-01-«Микор» (рег. удостоверение № ФС 022б2005/2447-06). 1281 пациент с установленной ГБ обследован методом РКГ. Больные отобраны по критериям, исключающим из группы исследования лиц с клинически значимыми сопутствующими заболеваниями, искажающие ВСР из-за чувствительности РКГ. Проанализированы группы больных с ГБ 1, 2 и 3 стадии. Оказалось, что каждая из групп имеет выраженные особенности ВСР, различающиеся по значениям показателей волновой структуры ВСР, а также визуально-логически на ритмокардиограмме (РКГ). На РКГ больных с ГБ1 стадии (ГБ 1) преобладающая периодика высокоамплитудная симпатическая, при ГБ 2 стадии (ГБ 2)– снижение амплитуды всех волн ВСР, но с сохранением симпатического преимущества, при ГБ 3 стадии (ГБ 3) ВСР соответствует синдрому автономной кардионейропатии (АКН) со стабилизацией волн ритма и отсутствием реакций на любые стимулы. АКН маркёр тяжести состояния, выраженности органных изменений и высокого риска летального исхода

Effectiveness of the “Sterius 60” SHF Radiation Installation for Disinfection of Objects Contaminated with PBA of Groups I–IV, when Working with Infected Biomodels

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of using the “Sterius 60” microwave disinfection system (Russia) for decontamination of objects infected with PBA of groups I–IV emerging as a result of working with infected laboratory animals.Materials and methods. Effectiveness verification of disinfection of biological waste generated as a result of the life of laboratory animals by SHF radiation was carried out in the microwave system “Sterius 60”, recommended by the manufacturer for disinfection of epidemiologically hazardous and extremely dangerous medical waste, including biological ones (classes B and C), by volumetric SHF heating. Carcasses of uninfected laboratory animals (white mice, Guinea pigs, suckling rabbits), granulated feed and bedding material (wood shavings), which are objects directly in contact with biomodels, were used as vivarium waste to be decontaminated. The following microorganisms were utilized as model test ones: Bacillus subtilus VKM B-911, Bacillus stearothermophilus VKM B-718, Bacillus licheniformis G VKM B-1711-D, Alcaligenes faecalis 415, Yersinia pestis EV, Bacillus anthracis STI. Laboratory utensils (plastic Petri dishes, porcelain mortars and pestles) were used as a mock-up chamber filler for model test microorganisms.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, data were obtained indicating that the microwave system for disinfection of medical waste “Sterius 60” is ineffective for decontamination of biological waste in laboratories working with biomodels infected with PBA of groups I–II. The established standard mode of disinfection of this system was effective only for non-spore forms of microorganisms, pathogenicity groups III–IV. Therefore, in our opinion, it is advisable to use it for decontamination of laboratory utensils infected with PBA of groups III–IV, directly at sites of waste generation

Association of COMT gene polymorphisms with Parkinson's disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most serious and widespread neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in the development of PD.The aim of our study was to investigate associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the COMT gene coding dopamine catabolism enzyme and Parkinson’s disease.Materials and methods. In this study seven SNPs (rs4680, rs6269, rs4633, rs4818, rs769224, rs165774, rs174696) of COMT were genotyped. 232 patients with PD and 127 healthy individuals in the Siberian region of Russia were examined. Venous blood samples were drawn as a marker of PD. Statistical differences in the prevalence of alleles and genotypes between groups of patients were assessed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.1 software.Results. A significant association between the rs165774 polymorphism and PD was observed. Our study demonstrates that polymorphisms in the COMT gene may play an important role in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease

Population Genomics of SARS-CoV-2 in the Constituent Entities of Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts

The aim of the study was to analyze the genetic structure of populations and the patterns of evolutionary variability of the novel coronavirus infection in the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts. Materials and methods. 1033 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from samples from individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 from eight entities of the Siberia and Far East between December 2020 and November 2021 were assessed. Sequencing was performed on the MinION Oxford Nanopore platform using the ARTIC v.3 protocol. The degree of SARS-CoV-2 genetic isolation was estimated applying the Fst criterion. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using maximum likelihood method and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. A nonparametric Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) model was used to reconstruct population dynamics. Results and discussion. The original SARS-CoV-2 variant (B.1) was identified in 100 % of the cases at the initial stages. The Alpha variant was detected in March-June, 2021; Beta – in single samples in March-May, 2021. Delta was first identified in April, 2021. The maximum degree of SARS-CoV-2 genetic isolation (Fst=0.18) was established for the most remote territories (Altai Territory ↔ Republic of Buryatia and Altai Territory ↔ Irkutsk Region). A relatively free circulation of the virus was detected between Irkutsk Region, Republic of Buryatia and Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of population genetic tests, a sharp increase in the effective virus population size was the determining mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity formation. Reconstruction of population dynamics in BEAST (BSP model) has revealed the consistency of trends in the genetic diversity of the virus and the number of active cases. Two subclusters have been identified in the Delta cluster, consisting predominantly of samples isolated in the Irkutsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Territory. Change in the dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been traced in dynamics. Molecular-epidemiological data point to the multiple pathways of spatial expansion of different SARS-CoV-2 genotypes into the constituent entities with generation of individual monophyletic clusters and further intra- and extraterritorial spread of the decedents