'Russian bureaucratic ruling elite': towards a social portrait of Russia's higher bureaucracy during the first quarter of the 19th century

Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert anhand der Personalakten der Beamten (formuliarnye spisky) die Herrschaftsstruktur im zaristischen Rußland. Die Ergebnisse revidieren ein Stereotyp der sowjetischen Geschichtsschreibung: über ein Drittel der bürokratischen Eliten besaßen keine Leibeigenen. Ein kontinuierliches Wachstum dieser Gruppe läßt sich vor allem für die zentrale Verwaltung des Landes feststellen. Dieser Befund widerlegt die These der (marxistischen) Geschichtswissenschaft, daß die reale Macht in Rußland in den Händen des feudalen Landadels gelegen hat. (pmb)'An attempt is made to study the social structure of Russia's bureaucratic ruling elite during the first quarter of the 19th century. The work is done on the basis of a mass statistic source: service records of bureaucracy (formuliarnye spisky). The results of the research undermine common stereotypes in Soviet historiography. Among the higher bureaucratic elites one third owned no serfs whatsoever. A constant growth of this group was observed, especially in the central bureaucracy. Thus, a close analysis of the data disproves the widely-held belief that real power and authority in Russia was connected with the landed gentry.' (author's abstract

IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF ASSET MANAGEMENT OF SPHERE OF SERVICES THROUGH HIGH-QUALITY AND SUBSTANTIATED INFORMATION

The main approaches to asset management of sphere of services through high-quality and substantiated information are has been considered. The current practice use fixed assets has been analysed. It is observed that the share of basic production assets varies across industries and depends on the specifics of each individual industry. In the total volume of property in such areas as transport, construction, the share of fixed assets is respectively 97 % and 90 %, which causes the need to clarify information about them. That is why the formation of a system of accounting and analytical support for the management of the process of operation of fixed assets has an important role in the management information

USE OF MARKET INSTRUMENTS AT THE PROVISION OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The main ways of development of market instruments in the provision of educational services in the higher education system, the analysis of the current practice of providing educational services are described. It is noted that the General outline of the multi-channel system of information support of management goals is associated with the development of organizational and functional mechanism for the system management of educational organization. Analyzing the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusions that should be taken into account when carrying out activities for the development of the market of educational services in Russia, such as conservatism, the formation of a unified education system, the unity of education goals and goals, the state, society and the individual, the creation of a multi-dimensional educational space, the combination of moral and professional education

THE MECHANISM OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN REALIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING

This article is devoted to a research of questions of professional judgment in realization of the principles of accounting, to formation of the mechanism of approaches to a regulation of activity of the accountant directly during the choice of options of conducting account. The qualified opinion of the expert has to be based on the ethical professional principles to receive financial statements which give the chance to its interested users to obtain qualitative and objective information on a condition of the enterprise

Peculiarities of formation of socially oriented strategy of economic growth of national economy

Effective development of national economy of Russia, as of any other country, is possible only under the conditions of clever use of strategic planning tools. Therefore, the authors of the article deem it expedient to characterize peculiarities of socially oriented strategy of economic growth of national economy. Thus, the article views stages of development of national economy, conducts analysis of reasons of change of economic growth rates, characterizes problems which hinder economic growth, and views variants of economic growth strategies.peer-reviewe

THE MECHANISM OF PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT IN REALIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTING

This article is devoted to a research of questions of professional judgment in realization of the principles of accounting, to formation of the mechanism of approaches to a regulation of activity of the accountant directly during the choice of options of conducting account. The qualified opinion of the expert has to be based on the ethical professional principles to receive financial statements which give the chance to its interested users to obtain qualitative and objective information on a condition of the enterprise

Coherent control of nuclear spin isomers of molecules: The role of molecular motion

Molecular center-of-mass motion is taken into account in the theory of coherent control of nuclear spin isomers of molecules. It is shown that infrared radiation resonant to the molecular rovibrational transition can substantially enrich nuclear spin isomers and speed up their conversion rate.Comment: REVTEX, 13 pages + 3 eps figure

The selection pressure on the neuraminidase gene of influenza viruses isolated in Ukraine from 2009 to 2015

A broad range of naturally occurring antigenic variants of the influenza virus is caused by its rapid evolutionary variability. The survival of viable influenza virus variants occurs through natural selection. The treatment of influenza infection with modern antiviral drugs – neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors – leads to the occurrence of mutations in the NA gene, which thereby result in the emergence of virus resistance to these drugs. The goal of this study was to determine the selection pressure on the NA protein of influenza viruses isolated in Ukraine from 2009 to 2015. The main method for assessing the selection pressure on proteins is to quantify the ratio of substitution rates at nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. With the help of this method, we showed that only a few codons in the NA gene were under positive selection resulting in mutations at the following sites: for influenza A viruses of the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype – site 40, for viruses of the A(H3N2) subtype – sites 93 and 402, for Influenza B viruses of the B/Yamagata lineage – sites 74, 99, and 268, and for the viruses of the B/Victoria lineage – sites 358, 288, and 455. These sites are not associated with the NA active site, transmembrane domain, or the antigenic sites of this protein. We concluded that NA inhibitors are not a significant factor in the process of selection of the influenza viruses in Ukraine because the sites associated with the resistance of influenza viruses to NA inhibitors were not affected by positive selection. This finding could be explained by the limited use of NA inhibitors for the treatment of influenza infections in Ukraine. A broad range of naturally occurring antigenic variants of the influenza virus is caused by its rapid evolutionary variability. The survival of viable influenza virus variants occurs through natural selection. The treatment of influenza infection with modern antiviral drugs – neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors – leads to the occurrence of mutations in the NA gene, which thereby result in the emergence of virus resistance to these drugs. The goal of this study was to determine the selection pressure on the NA protein of influenza viruses isolated in Ukraine from 2009 to 2015. The main method for assessing the selection pressure on proteins is to quantify the ratio of substitution rates at nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. With the help of this method, we showed that only a few codons in the NA gene were under positive selection resulting in mutations at the following sites: for influenza A viruses of the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype – site 40, for viruses of the A(H3N2) subtype – sites 93 and 402, for Influenza B viruses of the B/Yamagata lineage – sites 74, 99, and 268, and for the viruses of the B/Victoria lineage – sites 358, 288, and 455. These sites are not associated with the NA active site, transmembrane domain, or the antigenic sites of this protein. We concluded that NA inhibitors are not a significant factor in the process of selection of the influenza viruses in Ukraine because the sites associated with the resistance of influenza viruses to NA inhibitors were not affected by positive selection. This finding could be explained by the limited use of NA inhibitors for the treatment of influenza infections in Ukraine.