Ionic liquids at electrified interfaces

Until recently, “room-temperature” (<100–150 °C) liquid-state electrochemistry was mostly electrochemistry of diluted electrolytes(1)–(4) where dissolved salt ions were surrounded by a considerable amount of solvent molecules. Highly concentrated liquid electrolytes were mostly considered in the narrow (albeit important) niche of high-temperature electrochemistry of molten inorganic salts(5-9) and in the even narrower niche of “first-generation” room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs (such as chloro-aluminates and alkylammonium nitrates).(10-14) The situation has changed dramatically in the 2000s after the discovery of new moisture- and temperature-stable RTILs.(15, 16) These days, the “later generation” RTILs attracted wide attention within the electrochemical community.(17-31) Indeed, RTILs, as a class of compounds, possess a unique combination of properties (high charge density, electrochemical stability, low/negligible volatility, tunable polarity, etc.) that make them very attractive substances from fundamental and application points of view.(32-38) Most importantly, they can mix with each other in “cocktails” of one’s choice to acquire the desired properties (e.g., wider temperature range of the liquid phase(39, 40)) and can serve as almost “universal” solvents.(37, 41, 42) It is worth noting here one of the advantages of RTILs as compared to their high-temperature molten salt (HTMS)(43) “sister-systems”.(44) In RTILs the dissolved molecules are not imbedded in a harsh high temperature environment which could be destructive for many classes of fragile (organic) molecules

Photoconductivity of ionic thermotropic liquid crystal with semiconductor nanoparticles

The characteristics of photocurrent are investigated in new nanocomposites of cadmium octanoate with semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) as well as in pure matrix of the cadmium octanoate. CdS NPs are synthesized inside the cadmium octanoate matrix during one-step chemical reaction. The photoconductivity in these nanocomposites has been detected in wide temperature range. The photocurrent exhibits nonlinear behavior over all different mesophases of the nanocomposites. Two types of near-electrode processes that occur depending on the value of applied voltage are considered to explain the nonlinear dependence of the current-voltage characteristics

Photovoltaic properties of cd-based ionic liquid crystals with semiconductor nanoparticles

The photovoltaic effect in pure cadmium-alkanoate matrices and in their nanocomposites with semiconductor CdS nanoparticles (NPs) was revealed and investigated. The main mechanism of the phenomenon is the Dember effect, in which the internal field of non-equilibrium charge carriers is formed due to a significant difference in the mobility of positive and negative charges. NPs synthesized in the matrix lead to a significant increase in the concentration of the photo-generated electrons and thus to an increase in the photo-electro-driving force in the material. The magnitude and kinetics of the photocurrent for nanocomposites substantially depend on the content of only a small amount (2 − 4 mol. %) of NPs

Електропровідність композитів алкаонату кадмію з CdS наночастинками

Electrical properties of mesogenic cadmium octanoate composites containing CdS nanoparticles (NPs) have been studied for the first time. Semiconductor CdS spherical NPs (sizes of 2.5 nm) were chemically synthesized in the thermotropic ionic liquid crystalline phase (smectic A) of cadmium octanoate that was used as nanoreactor. We compared the electrical properties of both clean matrix and nanocomposite to clarify the role of semiconductor CdS NPs with different concentrations. We have investigated electrical characteristics at different temperatures, which correspond to the different phases of the composites. The conductivity of nanocomposites has an activation nature both in anisotropic glassy and smectic A phase. The conductivity of the nanocomposite along the cation-anion layers is by two orders of magnitude higher than that across the cation-anion layers, which confirms anisotropy of the nanocomposite regardless of the phase of material. In the glassy phase, the electronic type conductivity is observed. Increasing the nanoparticles concentration brings additional free charge carriers or increases their mobility. For the smectic A phase, increasing the CdS NPs concentration brings additional traps for the carriers that travel in plane of the cation-anion layers. On the other hand, the nanoparticles deform the cation-anion layers and increase the mobility of carriers across the layers

RESULTS AND EFFECTIVENESS PREDICTORS OF ALENDRONATETHERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL PATIENTS WITH PRIMARYHYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common disorder often associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis. The main goal in treating patients who refuse surgery is the correction of bone complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate safety and efficacy of alendronate treatment in patients with PHPT and osteoporosis. Eligible patients were postmenopausal women suffering from PHPT who did not meet surgical guidelines or ignored surgery due to different reasons. 55 osteoporotic or osteopenic women received alendronate 70 mg weekly and 43 were leaved under medical observation for the reasons of not being osteoporotic or financial unable to comply with treatment/ Results: After 2 years of treatment alendronate group showed statistically significant gain in BMD at L24 +4,0±4,2%, Neck +2,2±4,4%„ TH +2,3±4,5%. At the same time observational group showed decrease in BMD at L24 -4,2±4,0%, TH -3,5±3,8%, R33% -4,0±6,5%, [95% CI -7,6; -0,4]. On the whole BMD dynamics in groups differed at the following sites: L2 (p=0,00004), Neck (p=0,005), TH (p=0,001), R33% (p=0,006). ' Alendronate intake was accompanied by serum Ca decrease (at 1 year point -4,3±5,4%, p=0,00005, at 2 year -2,7±6,4%, p=0,04), 24 hours'Ca excretion decrease from (Me) 8,5 to 6,3 mmol/day at 1 year point, (p=0,007) without PTH elevation. As well as CTx fell at Me: 66% at 1 year and at 60% at 2 year point and OK at 39% and at 27%, correspondingly,