Shoot and root regeneration from callus tissue of Allium commutatum Guss.

Callus tissue was induced on root tips of in vitro cultured seedlings of Allium commutatum Guss. on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 0.8 % agar, 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.6 μM kinetin. Pieces of developed calli were transferred to MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 μM) and kinetin (0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 μM) or without them. After five weeks of cultivation, callus proliferation and differentiation as well as adventitious shoot and root regeneration were analysed. The best callus proliferation and adventitious root induction were achieved on MS medium containing 0.1 and 0.5 μM kinetin; addition of 2,4-D had no significant influence. Higher concentrations of kinetin also favoured higher incidence of meristemoids. Adventitious shoot development was noticed only on three media tested

Sustavno antineoplastično liječenje raka dojke

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Early breast cancer is potentially curable disease. Systemic adjuvant therapy is created to treat micrometastatic disease or destroy breast cancer cells that have spread from the breast and regional lymph nodes, but have not yet formed visible distant metastases. Systemic adjuvant therapy is based on chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy, and endocrine therapy, sometimes in combination with adjuvant irradiation, usually is conducted after surgery. The aim of adjuvant therapy is to decrease recurrence rate and extension of overall survivalRak dojke najčešća je zloćudna bolest u žena, potencijalno izlječiva u ranom stadiju. Sustavno adjuvantno liječenje osmišljeno je za uništenje mogućih mikrometastaza proširenih iz dojke i/ili iz regionalnih limfnih čvorova, koje još nisu stvorile vidljive udaljene metastaze. Temelji se na kemoterapiji sa ili bez ciljane biološke terapije, na endokrinoj terapiji, ponekad u kombinaciji sa zračenjem, obično nakon kirurškog zahvata. Cilj je smanjiti stopu povratka bolesti i produžiti život bolesnika

Sustavno antineoplastično liječenje metastatskog raka dojke

Systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer is not curative and its goal is life prolongation and improvement of quality of life. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer usually involvesendocrine therapy and/or chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. The use of the minimally toxic endocrine therapies is preff ered to the use of cytotoxic therapy whenever reasonable.Sustavno liječenje metastatskog raka dojke nije kurativno već se provodi u svrhu produženja života i poboljšanja kvalitete života. Sustavno liječenje se sastoji od endokrine terapije i/ili kemoterapije uz ili bez primjene ciljane biološke terapije. U liječenju metastatskog raka dojke preferirani oblici liječenja su oni najmanje toksični te se endokrina terapija primjenjuje kad god je to moguće

Croatian vocabulary of molecular and cell biology

Nazivlje mnogih struka često se razvija neovisno o pravilima hrvatskoga jezika, posebice ako je riječ o mladim znanostima koje nastaju i razvijaju se na engleskome jeziku. Jedan je od takvih primjera leksik molekularne biologije. Iako je razvoj ovoga područja u Hrvatskoj započeo 1960-ih godina na Sveučilištu u Zagrebu i Institutu Ruđer Bošković, da bi 1984. godine bio pokrenut i studij molekularne biologije na Biološkome odsjeku Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta, a 1989. osnovan Zavod za molekularnu biologiju pri istome odsjeku, sve donedavno nije postojao usustavljen način prilagodbe strukovnoga nazivlja. Budući da je molekularna biologija sve češće zastupljena u informativnim medijima zbog sve većega značenja rezultata istraživanja ovoga područja u kontekstu svakodnevnoga života, na Zavodu za molekularnu biologiju Prirodoslovno-matematičkoga fakulteta započeta su dva biološko-jezična projekta. Prvi je projekt prijevod rječnika molekularne i stanične biologije koji sadržava više od 12 000 unosa, čiji je cilj usustavljivanje hrvatskoga leksika područja kao rezultat suradnje jezikoslovaca i biologa. Drugi projekt – „Genetikon“ – financirala je Hrvatska zaklada za znanost putem projekta „Struna“, a on obuhvaća genetički leksik omogućujući da na jednome mjestu budu okupljeni najvažniji pojmovi i sustavno razrađeno hrvatsko nazivlje. U ovome radu dajemo kratak pregled razvoja jezika struke s posebnim naglaskom na šest osnovnih naputaka kojima nastojimo pridonijeti razvoju leksika genetike i stanične i molekularne biologije.The technical vocabulary of many areas is often developed independently of the rules of the Croatian language, especially in the case of young sciences that are developed in English. One such example is the vocabulary of molecular biology. The development of this research area in Croatia began in the 1960s at the University of Zagreb and the Institute Ruđer Bošković. In 1981 Molecular Biology study program started at the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Science, and in 1989 Divison of Molecular Biology at the same Department was founded. However, until recently there was no systematically elaborated development of professional vocabulary of this scientific area. Due to growing significance of the research results from molecular biology and genetics in the context of everyday life at the Department of Molecular Biology two projects were conducted. The first is a translation of the Dictionary of Molecular and Cell Biology that contains more than 12 000 entries, whose purpose is to make the professional vocabulary as result of cooperation between linguists and biologists. The second project –“Genetikon” – has been funded by the Croatian Science Foundation through the “Struna” project, and it covers genetic lexicon, enabling the most important concepts and systematically developed Croatian terminology to be gathered at one place. In this paper we give a short overview of the molecular biology vocabulary development with special emphasis on the six basic guidelines that we hope will contribute to the development of the technical vocabulary of genetics and cellular and molecular biology

Medicinska konoplja u onkologiji

Although today among oncology patients use of various preparations of complementary and alternative medicine is more and more frequent, there is unequivocal scientifi c base for their use. Among the often used preparations, especially in the treatment of cancer pain, is cannabis and its derivatives. Cannabinoids act on the endogenous cannabinoid system, with widespread receptors in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Although the pharmacology of the cannabinoids is still largely unknown, numerous of their eff ects were investigated. In oncology, studies have been conducted on the effect of cannabinoids on nausea and vomiting during the oncological treatment, the cancer pain and neuropathy, on appetite and weight loss, and the impact on mood, depression and anxiety. It is also observed that some of the cannabinoids have antitumor, but also protumorous activity. There have been many diff erent side eff ects of cannabinoids detected, and in a smaller percentage also the development of addiction. Best known preparations nowadays are dronabinol, nabilon and nabiximol. At the moment, the evidence lack strenght, and large randomized clinical trials are required, which would confi rm predominatly positive results of the research.Iako je danas među onkološkim bolesnicima sve učestalija uporaba različitih pripravaka komplementarne i alternativne medicine, za njihovu uporabu nema nedvojbene znanstvene potvrde. Među češće primjenjivanim pripravcima, osobito u liječenju karcinomske boli, je i kanabis i njegovi derivati. Kanabinoidi djeluju u organizmu preko endokanabinoidnog sustava, s rasprostranjenim receptorima u središnjem živčanom sustavu i perifernim tkivima. Iako je farmakologija kanabinoida još uvijek uglavnom nepoznata, do sada su istraživani njihovi brojni učinci. U onkologiji su provedena istraživanja utjecaja na mučninu i povraćanje prilikom onkološkog liječenja, na karcinomsku bol te neuropatiju, na apetit i gubitak tjelesne mase te utjecaj na raspoloženje, depresiju i tjeskobu. Također je opažen antitumorski, ali i protumorski učinak nekih kanabinoida. Zabilježeni su brojni različiti neželjeni učinci kanabinoida, a u manjem postotku i razvoj ovisnosti. Najpoznatiji pripravci danas jesu dronabinol, nabilon i nabiksimol. Sveukupno, za sada nisu osigurani dovoljno snažni i nedvojbeni dokazi i potrebne su velike randomizirane kliničke studije, koje bi potvrdile do sada opažene pozitivne rezultate istraživanja

Taksani u liječenju ranog raka dojke

Taxanes are irreplaceble drugs in treatment of many solid malignancies. In breast cancer they represent the backbone of adjuvant therapy and are important option in treatment of advanced and metastatic disease. Since their discovery in 1960’s they went through a long journey of clinical development and positioning in clinical practise of treatment of early breast cancer. Taxanes belong to the fourth group of cytotoxic drugs, which act as mytotic inhibitors, causing the death of the cell in metaphase. Clinical trials conducted in patients with breast cancer evaluated different combinations of other chemotherapeutics with taxanes, different modes of administration, effectiveness of different chemotherapy regimens including taxanes in different subtypes and stages of the disease and effectiveness of individual taxanes in comparison with one another. Based on the results of those trials, today the relevant global oncology associations reccomend the use of taxanes in treatment of early breast cancer, pointing out their significant benefit in total reduction of breast cancer mortality and risk of disease reccurence by 20-30% comparing to anthracycline only protocols. The purpose of this literature review was to provide comprehensive information about development of taxanes and their position in routine everyday clinical practise.Taksani su nezamjenjivi lijekovi u liječenju mnogih solidnih tumora. U karcinomu dojke predstavljaju okosnicu adjuvantne terapije i važna su opcija u liječenju uznapredovale i metastatske bolesti. Od njihovog otkrića 1960-ih prošli su dugi put kliničkog razvoja i pozicioniranja u kliničkoj praksi liječenja ranog raka dojke. Taksani pripadaju četvrtoj skupini citotoksičnih lijekova koji djeluju kao inhibitori mitoze, koji uzrokuju smrt stanice u metafazi. Klinička istraživanja provedena na bolesnicama s karcinomom dojke procjenjivala su različite kombinacije drugih kemoterapeutika s taksanima, različite načine primjene, djelotvornost različitih kemoterapijskih protokola koji uključuju taksane u različitim podtipovima i stadijima bolesti te učinkovitosti pojedinih taksana u usporedbi s drugim. Na temelju rezultata tih pokusa, danas relevantne globalne onkološke udruge preporučuju uporabu taksana u liječenju ranog raka dojke, pokazujući njihovu značajnu korist u ukupnom smanjenju rizika od smrti i povrata bolesti za 20-30% u odnosu na protokole bazirane samo na antraciklinu. Svrha ovog pregleda literature je pružanje sveobuhvatne informacije o razvoju taksana i njihove pozicije u rutinskoj svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi

Sistemsko liječenje raka debelog crijeva

Colorectal cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer. In this article treatment protocols for colon cancer are disscussed, including adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for resectable disease and chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Surgery is the only curative modality for localized colorectal cancer (stage I-III). Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for patients with stage III disease. It’s use in stage II disease is controversial, with ongoing studies seeking to confirm which markers might identify patients who would benefit. Surgical resection potentially provides the only curative option for patients with limited metastatic disease in liver and/or lung (stage IV disease). Chemotherapy rather than surgery is the standard management for metastatic disease. Biologic agents have a role in the treatment of metastatic disease, with selection increasingly guided by genetic analysis of the tumor.Rak debelog crijeva najčešći je zloćudni tumor probavnog sustava. U ovom se radu raspravlja o protokolima koji se primjenjuju u liječenju raka debelog crijeva, uključujući adjuvantnu i neoadjuvantnu terapiju resektabilne bolesti te kemoterapiju uznapredovalog i metastatskog raka debelog crijeva. Kirurgija je jedini kurativni modalitet liječenja lokaliziranog raka debelog crijeva (stadij bolesti I-III). Adjuvantna kemoterapija predstavlja standard u liječenju bolesnika sa stadij bolesti III . Međutim, njezina uloga kod stadija bolesti II je kontroverzna te se trenutno provode studije koje traže biljege pomoću kojih bi se mogli prepoznati bolesnici koji bi mogli imati koristi od primjene adjuvantne kemoterapije. Kirurška resekcija potencijalno predstavlja jedinu kurativnu mogućnost za bolesnike s bolešću ograničenom na jetru i/ili pluća (stadij IV). U liječenju metastatske bolesti standard predstavlja kemoterapija, prije nego kirurgija. Biološki lijekovi imaju ulogu u liječenju metastatske bolesti, s tim da se njihov izbor sve više temelji na genetskoj analizi tumora

Shoot and root regeneration from callus tissue of Allium commutatum Guss.

Callus tissue was induced on root tips of in vitro cultured seedlings of Allium commutatum Guss. on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose, 0.8 % agar, 4.5 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4.6 μM kinetin. Pieces of developed calli were transferred to MS medium with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1 μM) and kinetin (0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 μM) or without them. After five weeks of cultivation, callus proliferation and differentiation as well as adventitious shoot and root regeneration were analysed. The best callus proliferation and adventitious root induction were achieved on MS medium containing 0.1 and 0.5 μM kinetin; addition of 2,4-D had no significant influence. Higher concentrations of kinetin also favoured higher incidence of meristemoids. Adventitious shoot development was noticed only on three media tested

Mogućnosti upotrebe pljuvačke kao dijagnostičke tečnosti u stomatologiji

Saliva is a secretion of the salivary and mucous glands and is of major importance in the maintainance of oral health. Over the last few decades, saliva has been evaluated as a diagnostic fluid in medicine for determining systemic disease markers as well as for monitoring numerous drugs, narcotics, and hormones. The biochemical analysis of saliva is particularly important in dentistry. The estimation of the risk of appearance and diagnosis of disease, monitoring of disease progression, evaluation of therapy efficacy for caries, periodontitis, premalignant and malignant oral lesions, as well as infectious diseases of the oral cavity, can be assessed by analyzing different constituent: of saliva, individuals at risk of caries can be identified using test: that determine saliva flow rate, saliva buffer capacity, and colonization of the oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria. Today, these rapid and simple diagnostic tests are used routinely in caries risk determination. The study and use of saliva-based diagnostics have increased over the last few decades. Clinical testing of saliva shows much promise. However, there is a need for much additional research in this area, before the true clinical value of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in dentistry can be determined.Pljuvačka je sekret pljuvačnih i mukoznih žlezda koji je značajan za održavanje oralnog zdravlja. Poslednjih decenija sve više se razmatra mogućnost njene primene kao zamena krvi, odnosno krvnom serumu i plazme, radi dokazivanja pokazatelja sistemskih oboljenja, kao i za nadgledanje primene lekova, droga i hormona. Analiziranje biohemijskog sastava pljuvačke posebno je značajno u stomatologiji za procenu rizika nastanka, praćenja toka bolesti i kontrole rezultata primenjenog lečenja zubnog karijesa, parodontopatije, oralnih karcinoma i infektivnih oboljenja usne duplje. U proceni rizika nastanka karijesa na zubima rutinski se izvode ispitivanja kojima se određuju količina izlučene pljuvačke, njen puferski kapacitet i stepen kolonizacije usne duplje kariogenim vrstama bakterija. Jednostavnost izvođenja ovih ispitivanja omogućava da ih u stomatološkoj ordinaciji primenjuje lekar praktičar, što predstavlja veliku pomoć u proceni rizika za nastanak zubnog karijesa. Zbog bliskog kontakta s oralnim tkivima, pljuvačka sadrži brojne biohemijske pokazatelje patoloških procesa lokalizovanih u ovim tkivima (enzimi, imunoglobulini, ostali proteini, fenotipski pokazatelji). Ispitivanje pomenutih pokazatelja je značajno kao dopuna kliničkom dijagnostikovanju ukoliko ono ne pruža dovoljno informacija

Sustavno antineoplastično liječenje metastatskog raka dojke

Systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer is not curative and its goal is life prolongation and improvement of quality of life. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer usually involvesendocrine therapy and/or chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. The use of the minimally toxic endocrine therapies is preff ered to the use of cytotoxic therapy whenever reasonable.Sustavno liječenje metastatskog raka dojke nije kurativno već se provodi u svrhu produženja života i poboljšanja kvalitete života. Sustavno liječenje se sastoji od endokrine terapije i/ili kemoterapije uz ili bez primjene ciljane biološke terapije. U liječenju metastatskog raka dojke preferirani oblici liječenja su oni najmanje toksični te se endokrina terapija primjenjuje kad god je to moguće