VALUATION OF GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION OF AGRICULTURAL CASE STUDY OF WHEAT FARMERS IN KHATAM CITY

Country with an annual average rainfall of 250 mm is faced with the problem of dehydration and non-uniform distribution of water resources. Scarcity of water on the one hand, and the enormous costs on the other hand, is considered productivity and economic value of water as one of the most important national goal. Consumption of Water in agricultural sector includes about 90 percent of the country´s water consumption, so the economic value of water in agriculture is one of the most important priorities in water resources management. In this study the economic value of water by considering methods of calculate, methods based on basic function of social welfare witch economic value of water for production of Wheat in Yazd (Heart - khatam) was analyzed required data and information is collected from 100 questionnaires using two-stage cluster sampling in 1387. For estimation of functions is used from Eviews5 software. The results show decreasing scale in the region. Also marginal production of factors so that water, labor and pesticides evaluated respectively 1.4, 65 and 1113 kg per unit. Producers are willing to sacrifice to 0.228 unit of labor (or sacrifice to 0.0067 unit of pesticides). Marginal production-factor price ration for water, labor and pesticides are 0.0049, 0.0005 and 0.0159 respectively. Actual results (economic) value of water is 12,593 Rials witch difference significantly with current value (277.4 Rials) in region that leading to excessive withdrawal of groundwater water in region. The shadow price of labor and pesticides are 604,500 and 10,350,900 Rials respectively. Price and income elasticity of water derived demand are 15.33 and 45.329 respectively. JEL Classifications : C13, C20, D21, Q11, Q25, Q34. Key words: Cobb Douglas production function, economic value, efficiency to scale, demand elasticity, Yazd province, Khatam-Hear

Tuning independently Fermi energy and spin splitting in Rashba systems: Ternary surface alloys on Ag(111)

By detailed first-principles calculations we show that the Fermi energy and the Rashba splitting in disordered ternary surface alloys (BiPbSb)/Ag(111) can be independently tuned by choosing the concentrations of Bi and Pb. The findings are explained by three fundamental mechanisms, namely the relaxation of the adatoms, the strength of the atomic spin-orbit coupling, and band filling. By mapping the Rashba characteristics,i.e.the splitting and the Rashba energy, and the Fermi energy of the surface states in the complete range of concentrations. Our results suggest to investigate experimentally effects which rely on the Rashba spin-orbit coupling in dependence on spin-orbit splitting and band filling.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure

Simulating thick atmospheric turbulence in the lab with application to orbital angular momentum communication

We describe a procedure by which a long ($\gtrsim 1\,\mathrm{km}$) optical path through atmospheric turbulence can be experimentally simulated in a controlled fashion and scaled down to distances easily accessible in a laboratory setting. This procedure is then used to simulate a 1-km-long free-space communication link in which information is encoded in orbital angular momentum (OAM) spatial modes. We also demonstrate that standard adaptive optics methods can be used to mitigate many of the effects of thick atmospheric turbulence.Comment: Rewritten abstract and introductory section to emphasize the importance of the work and to make it accessible to a more general audience. Section 2 was expanded to include some background on the physics of turbulence to allow the paper to be self-contained and understood by nonspecialist

Revisiting the Core and Cover of Quality in Higher Education

Member states of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) have committed themselves to promote a program of action to improve and reform their educational institutions and curricula on the basis of the "OIC Vision 1441". As part of this commitment, a process has been initiated to review current international university ranking systems and to create a specific mechanism for ranking universities of the OIC countries. In this study, we explore the criteria that emerged as an outcome of this process and have been adopted for the purpose of ranking OIC universities. We raise the challenge that, although the idea of an OIC-specific ranking mechanism is a potentially valuable initiation for the Islamic countries to converge and cooperate, the whole endeavor tends to deal only with rudimentary issues in science, education, and research. The core conceptions, taken for granted and almost left untreated, continue to exist under the disguise of the newly fabricated criteria. For each one of the five major sets of criteria (Research, Education, International out-look, Facilities, and Socio-economic impact) we discuss why we believe they deal with the 'cover' rather than the 'core' of quality in higher education and research. We further discuss that truly alternative practices in the context of specific socio-cultural values, require revisiting underlying and taken for granted understandings of science, research, and technology. To walk our own way and to challenge the dominant mainstream global forces, we need a fundamentally alternative view of the quality and value of knowledge and basically of the value of the human being

Q-plates for Switchable Excitation of Fiber OAM Modes

We demonstrate that a |q|=1/2 plate plus polarization optics can tunably excite all linear combinations of |l|=1 fiber OAM modes with up to ~30 dB purity, enabling switch fabrics in fiber-OAM networks and disentangling of degenerate mode mixing effects in long fibers

Interferometry with Photon-Subtracted Thermal Light

We propose and implement a quantum procedure for enhancing the sensitivity with which one can determine the phase shift experienced by a weak light beam possessing thermal statistics in passing through an interferometer. Our procedure entails subtracting exactly one (which can be generalized to m) photons from the light field exiting an interferometer containing a phase-shifting element in one of its arms. As a consequence of the process of photon subtraction, and somewhat surprisingly, the mean photon number and signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting light field are thereby increased, leading to enhanced interferometry. This method can be used to increase measurement sensitivity in a variety of practical applications, including that of forming the image of an object illuminated only by weak thermal light

Comparison of different multi-trait selection strategies for genetic improvement of economic traits in six Iranian commercial lines of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lep.: Bombycidae)

In this study, the genetic parameters and economic weights of some important economic traits in six Iranian commercial varieties (110, 107, 101433, Xinhong1, Koming1 and Y) of the silkworm were estimated and selection indices for these traits constructed. Individual recording of cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio were carried out during six generations. Heritabilities and genetic correlation between traits were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method. The heritability of cocoon weight and shell weight were higher than that of shell ratio. Genetic improvement of cocoon weight and shell weight were high in the line 101433 due to higher heritability and genetic correlation between them. Therefore, the restriction of genetic gain of cocoon weight in this line is expected to cause a severe decrease in improvement of shell weight, and subsequently a decrease of selection efficiency. The genetic improvement of cocoon shell percentage increased in restricted indices due to low genetic correlation with cocoon weight, and selection accuracy in these indices decreased significantly compared to other indices. Considering the difference in genetic parameters and economic values of traits in commercial lines of the silkworm, it would be necessary to define a separate breeding goal and selection strategy in each line