Designing a customized clinical practice guideline regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for Iranian general dentists.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practice guidelines produced by developed countries seemed to be not completely feasible for developing countries due to their different local context. In this study, we designed a customized guideline about antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedures for Iranian general dentists. METHODS: This study was conducted of two parts, including a qualitative part and a cross-sectional analytic part. A multidisciplinary team searched for related guidelines and other documents, selected the most updated and high quality ones, customized their recommendations based on available antibiotics in Iran, prepared a draft adapted guideline and summarized its recommendations in 3 flowcharts. An expert panel (20 specialists of four Iranian dental universities) participated in a consensus process, afterwards to determine the relevance and clarity of the flowcharts and their items. Then the Content Validity Indices (CVIs) were calculated and any items with CVI higher than 0.79 remained. RESULTS: The adapted recommendations were summarized in flowcharts A to C. Two separate groups of patients who need antibiotic prophylaxis were presented in flowchart A; including those with high risk for distant-site infection (infective endocarditis and prosthetic joint infection) and those at risk for poor healing and orofacial infection (due to impaired immunologic function). Flowcharts B and C described antibiotic regimen and also the dental procedures where antibiotic prophylaxis was needed for mentioned groups. The content validity indices and the percentages of agreement between the expert panel members were considerably high. CONCLUSIONS: A localized, clear and straight forward guideline that addresses all groups of dental patients who need antibiotic prophylaxis has been produced for Iranian general dentists

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review

Garlic and its preparations have been widely recognized as agents for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes. Effectiveness of garlic in cardiovascular diseases was more encouraging in experimental studies, which prompted several clinical trials. Though many clinical trials showed a positive effect of garlic on almost all cardiovascular conditions mentioned above, however a number of negative studies have recently cast doubt on the efficary of garlic specially its cholesterol lowering effect of garlic. It is a great challenge for scientists all over the world to make a proper use of garlic and enjoy its maximum beneficial effect as it is the cheapest way to prevent cardiovascular disease. This review has attempted to make a bridge the gap between experimental and clinical study and to discuss the possible mechanisms of such therapeutic actions of garlic

Elaboration et caractérisation de céramiques composites Al2O3 - ZrO2 à partir d'alcoolates.

International audienc

The effect of integrated control methods of broadleaf weeds density on sugar beet yield in kermanshah zone

In order to study the impacts of mechanical (using cultivation), chemical (using herbicides) methods and their integration in controlling broadleaf weeds in sugar beet fields, this experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Mahidasht-Kermanshah in 2006.  In this experiment, 9 different treatments consisting a mixture of post-emergence herbicides phenmedipham + desmedipham +  Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate combined with cultivation and 2 check treatments with and without control of the weeds were investigated. The results indicated that cultivation treatment accompanied by Triflusulfuron Methyl reduced dry weight of weeds by 54.91% and showed 100% control of Amaranthus spp. In comparison with control treatment. Cultivation treatment combined with a mixture of phenmedipham+desmedipham+Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate increased the sugar beet root dry weight by 159.89% and caused 100% control of the density of Conringia orientalis. Phenmedipham+desmedipham+Ethofumesate plus Triflusulfuron Methyl with sittogate treatment increased root yield by 121.86% compared to the check. In conclusion, the highest root yield was obtained in the cultivation treatment combined with phenmedipham + desmedipham+Ethofumesate, a mixture of phenmedipham + desmedipham + Ethofumesate and Triflusulfuron Methyl with Sittogate and cultivation treatments in sugar beet

Cross-resistance patterns of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) populations to ACCase inhibitor herbicides

The level of resistance and patterns of cross-resistance to clodinafop, sethoxydim, and pinoxaden were examined in 12 putative resistant and one susceptible populations of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) collected from Fars Province, in the southwest of Iran. The responses of biomass and length of coleoptiles to the increasing dosages of the three herbicides were determined in both whole-plant and seed bioassays. In the whole-plant bioassay, all 12 putative resistant populations were found to be resistant to clodinafop with resistance ratios (R/S) ranging from 1.76 to >47.04. Most clodinafop-resistant populations exhibited low levels of cross-resistance to sethoxydim. Three highly sethoxydim-resistant populations, F2, S2, and ES4, were slightly resistant to clodinafop. Six populations (M1, M2, F2, S2, S4, and ES4) showed high cross-resistance to pinoxaden with R/S values as large as 10.73 to 40.29. A highly clodinafop-resistant population, M2, was more sensitive to pinoxaden than the susceptible population. The results of the seed bioassay resembled those obtained from the whole-plant experiment suggesting seed bioassay as an inexpensive, rapid method for screening-resistant genotypes