Spatio-temporal dynamics of landscape of Mirassol d'Oeste/Mato Grosso, Brazil

The aim of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation cover and land use of the sights of the city of Mirassol D'Oeste, Mato Grosso, assessing the anthropogenic pressure. To carry out the study, the Geotechnologies were used and the Anthropic Pressure Index was applied to evaluate the conservation status of the municipal landscape. The results indicate changes in all classes during the 29 years investigated, with 27.20% reduction of forested Savannah, which was related with the increase of 14.58 percent of grazing; growth of 10.64% of the agricultural area; alluvial Forest and of 1984 to 1993, followed by a fall of 0.25% in the year 2003 and subsequent increase of 0.71% in 2013. The results of the Anthropogenic Pressure Index showed that the landscape of the municipality of Mirassol D'Oeste is in a regular state of conservation. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the increased suppression of natural vegetation, with the exception of the alluvial Forest, was due to the insertion of grazing and agriculture, the main pressures on the environment

AVALIAÇÃO DO ESTADO AMBIENTAL DAS UNIDADES DE PAISAGEM DE UMA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ESTADO BRASILEIRO DE MATO GROSSO

Objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o estado ambiental das unidades de paisagem de uma bacia hidrográfica do estado brasileiro de Mato Grosso, na perspectiva da geração de informações que contribuam para o planejamento e a gestão ambiental. Foi adotado o modelo de avaliação da fragilidade ambiental, em que foram utilizados os mapas de pedologia, dissecação do relevo, cobertura vegetal e uso da terra e precipitação. Os mapeamentos foram recortados pelas unidades de paisagem contidas na BHRJ e associados em SIG. As classes de fragilidade adotadas foram Fraca, Média, Forte e Muito Forte. O estado ambiental foi definido a partir da fragilidade ambiental e da proteção ambiental das unidades de paisagem, assim o estado ambiental foi definido em Favorável, Regular, Crítico e Muito Crítico. A fragilidade “Forte” ocorreu em 36,36% da extensão da bacia, a Fraca em 34,24%, a “Média” em 27,09% e a Muito Forte em 2,01%. Predomina em 65,41% da bacia o estado ambiental Crítico, o Muito Crítico em 20,88%, o Favorável em 7,20% e o Regular” em 6,51%. Conclui-se que, na bacia, a maioria das unidades de paisagem são frágeis devido aos processos erosivos, interferindo no estado da paisagem que é classificado como Crítico

DYNAMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF VEGETABLE COVERAGE AND LAND USE IN LANDSCAPE REGIONS OF THE SOUTHWESTERN PORTION OF THE BRAZILIAN STATE OF MATO GROSSO

The objective of this article is to investigate the space-time dynamics of vegetation cover and land use and the Environmental State of the landscape regions of the southwestern portion of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso.The vegetation cover and land use maps were generated from the Landsat 5 satellite images from 1984, and Landsat 8 from 2013 in the SPRING software. Map quantifications and layouts were elaborated withArcGis. The regionalization and analysis of the environmental state of the landscape were made through a regional geoecological matrix. From the results obtained, it was verified that the anthropic uses in the period of study were expanded by 134.08% while the vegetal coverings were reduced by 21.66% and the water bodies by 39%. Pasture is the predominant land use in the region, 24.09% (31,335.86 km²), mainly occupying the flat and smooth wavy terrain. Forest cover totaled 66.36% (84,967.12 km2), being found mainly in forest fragments, in which the larger territorial dimensions are either protected by environmental legislation or located in indigenous lands. Eight landscape regions were delimited in the southwest portion of Mato Grosso, including the Paraguay River Depression, which presents the landscape with the highest percentage of anthropic uses, predominantly the Degraded Environmental State. It was concluded that there is a need to adopt land use practices that minimize the environmental degradation of landscape regions, considering that during the period under investigation, the expansion of anthropic uses, mainly Livestock, directly influenced the suppression of vegetation cover

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030