A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences

In order to bridge interdisciplinary differences in Presence research and to establish connections between Presence and “older” concepts of psychology and communication, a theoretical model of the formation of Spatial Presence is proposed. It is applicable to the exposure to different media and intended to unify the existing efforts to develop a theory of Presence. The model includes assumptions about attention allocation, mental models, and involvement, and considers the role of media factors and user characteristics as well, thus incorporating much previous work. It is argued that a commonly accepted model of Spatial Presence is the only solution to secure further progress within the international, interdisciplinary and multiple-paradigm community of Presence research

Iron and zinc absorption in human subjects from a mixed meal of extruded and nonextruded wheat bran and flour

The effect of extrusion cooking of a bran-flour mixture on iron and zinc retention was measured in normal adults. The stable isotopes 58Fe (1.253 mg) and 67Zn (5.13 mg) were administered with 40 g nonextruded or extruded cereal with milk and isotopic retention was measured from fecal excretion over the next 4-7 d by neutron-activation analysis (Fe) and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry (Zn). 58Fe retention was 15.1 +/- 2.4% (means +/- SEM) with the nonextruded meal and 16.5 +/- 2.7% with the extruded meal. 67Zn retention was 18.9 +/- 1.7% with the nonextruded meal and 18.3 +/- 1.5% with the extruded meal. Extrusion cooking had no effect on 58Fe or 67Zn retention

Input-Output Participation Factors and their Application in PSS-Based Stabilizing Problems

Internal_Co_Author1 = T C Yan