423 research outputs found
Phase separation in fluids exposed to spatially periodic external fields
We consider the liquid-vapor type phase transition for fluids confined within
spatially periodic external fields. For a fluid in d=3 dimensions, the periodic
field induces an additional phase, characterized by large density modulations
along the field direction. At the triple point, all three phases (modulated,
vapor, and liquid) coexist. At temperatures slightly above the triple point and
for low (high) values of the chemical potential, two-phase coexistence between
the modulated phase and the vapor (liquid) is observed. We study this
phenomenon using computer simulations and mean-field theory for the Ising
model. The theory shows that, in order for the modulated phase to arise, the
field wavelength must exceed a threshold value. We also find an extremely low
tension of the interface between the modulated phase and the vapor/liquid
phases. The tension is of the order 10^{-4} kB T per squared lattice spacing,
where kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T the temperature. In order to detect
such low tensions, a new simulation method is proposed. We also consider the
case of d=2 dimensions. The modulated phase then does not survive, leading to a
radically different phase diagram.Comment: 11 pages, 14 figure
Impact de la Cochenille Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) sur les rendements du manioc (Manihot esculenta) au Gabon
La cochenille Phenacoccus manihoti est lāune des causes de la chute des rendements du manioc au Gabon. Par la randomisation, nous avons Ć©tudiĆ© son impact sur la croissance de la plante et sur les rendements du manioc. P. manihoti rĆ©duit la croissance des plants Ć 40%, la distance entrenoeuds des tiges Ć 45%. Il diminue le nombre, la longueur et le diamĆØtre des tubercules ; respectivement pour le nombre de 7 Ć 4, de 34 Ć 9 cm pour la longueur et de 10 Ć 5 cm pour le diamĆØtre en moyenne. Lāaction de la cochenille P. manihoti induit ainsi la dimunition de la croissance des plants et la baisse des rendements du manioc au Gabon. Pour protĆ©ger le manioc contre la cochenille, nous pensons que lāutilisation des techniques de lutte efficaces est indispensable. Elles pourraient mĆŖme ĆŖtre associĆ©es, dans le cadre dāune lutte intĆ©grĆ©e, excluant complĆØtement la lutte chimique, Ć lāorigine de beaucoup de problĆØmes environnementaux. Les auteurs ont enfin attirĆ© lāattention des gouvernements africains sur la nĆ©cessitĆ© de promouvoir les politiques de dĆ©veloppement agricole dans leurs pays.
English title: Impact of the mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (homoptera, pseudococcidae) on the yields of the cassava (Manihot esculenta) in Gabon
The mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti is one of the causes in the drop of cassava yields in Gabon. Through the randomization, we have studied its impact on the growth of the plant and on the yields of the cassava. P. manihoti reduces the growth of the plants to 40%, the interval among knots of the stems to 45%. Its diminishes the number, the length and the diameter of the tubercules, respectively for the number of 7 to 4; of 34 to 9cm for the length and for 10 to 5cm for the average diameter. Thus, the share of the mealybug P. manihoti induces the lessening of the growth of the plants and the drop of the cassava yields in Gabon. For protect the cassava against the mealybug we think that the using of the efficient fight techniques is indispensable. They must even be assoociated in integrated fight excuding completely the chemical fight which induces meny environemental problems. At last the authors have attracted the car of the african governments abut the necessity to upgrade the agricultural development politics in theirs contries. 
ŠŠ¾Š²ŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ ŃŃŃŠµŠŗŃŠøŠ²Š½Š¾ŃŃŠø ŃŠøŃŃŠµŠ¼Ń ŃŠµŠ³ŠµŠ½ŠµŃŠ°ŃŠøŠø ŠæŠ°ŃŠ¾ŃŃŃŠ±ŠøŠ½Š½Š¾Š¹ ŃŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø Š² ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ¼ŠµŠ½Š½Š¾Š¼ ŃŠµŠ¶ŠøŠ¼Šµ
Š¦ŠµŠ»Ń ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ ā Š¾ŃŠµŠ½ŠŗŠ° Š²Š»ŠøŃŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŠµŠ³ŠµŠ½ŠµŃŠ°ŃŠøŠø Š½Š° ŃŃŃŠµŠŗŃŠøŠ²Š½Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŃŃŠ±Š¾ŃŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø; Š¾ŠæŃŠµŠ“ŠµŠ»ŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ Š¾ŠæŃŠøŠ¼Š°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŃ
ŠŗŠ¾ŃŃŃŠøŃŠøŠµŠ½ŃŠ¾Š² ŃŠµŠ³ŠµŠ½ŠµŃŠ°ŃŠøŠø ŠæŃŠø ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŠµ Š½Š° ŃŃŠøŃ
ŃŠµŠ¶ŠøŠ¼Š°Ń
; ŃŠ°Š·ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŠŗŠ° ŃŠµŃ
Š½ŠøŃŠµŃŠŗŠ¾Š³Š¾ ŠæŃŠµŠ“Š»Š¾Š¶ŠµŠ½ŠøŠ¹ ŠæŠ¾ ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŃŃŠµŠŗŃŠøŠ²Š½Š¾ŃŃŠø ŃŠøŃŃŠµŠ¼Ń ŃŠµŠ³ŠµŠ½ŠµŃŠ°ŃŠøŠø ŃŃŃŠ±Š¾ŃŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø. Š ŃŠµŠ·ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŠµ ŠøŃŃŠ»ŠµŠ“Š¾Š²Š°Š½ŠøŃ Š±ŃŠ»Šø ŃŠ“ŠµŠ»Š°Š½Ń ŃŠ»ŠµŠ“ŃŃŃŠøŠµ Š²ŃŠ²Š¾Š“Ń: Š“Š»Ń ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŃ ŃŃŃŠµŠŗŃŠøŠ²Š½Š¾ŃŃŠø ŃŠ°Š±Š¾ŃŃ ŃŃŃŠ±Š¾ŃŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø Š²Š²Š¾Š“ŠøŃŃŃ Š“Š¾ŠæŠ¾Š»Š½ŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½ŃŠ¹ Š½ŠµŃŠµŠ³ŃŠ»ŠøŃŃŠµŠ¼ŃŠ¹ Š¾ŃŠ±Š¾Ń ŠæŠ°ŃŠ° ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŃŠµŠ½Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ Š“Š°Š²Š»ŠµŠ½ŠøŃ. Š ŠµŠ·ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŃ ŃŠ°ŃŃŠµŃŠ° ŃŠµŠæŠ»Š¾Š²Š¾Š¹ ŃŃ
ŠµŠ¼Ń ŃŃŃŠ±Š¾ŃŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø ŃŠ²ŠøŠ“ŠµŃŠµŠ»ŃŃŃŠ²ŃŃŃ Š¾ ŃŠ¾Š¼, ŃŃŠ¾ ŠæŠ¾Š“ŠŗŠ»ŃŃŠµŠ½ŠøŠµ Š“Š¾ŠæŠ¾Š»Š½ŠøŃŠµŠ»ŃŠ½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŠŠŠ Š“Š°ŠµŃ Š¼ŠµŠ½ŃŃŠøŠ¹ ŃŠ°ŃŃ
Š¾Š“ ŃŠ“ŠµŠ»ŃŠ½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠ¾ŠæŠ»ŠøŠ²Š°.The aim of this work is the assessment of impact of regeneration on the efficiency of the turbine; determining the optimal coefficients of regeneration when working in these modes; development of technical proposals for improving the efficiency of the regeneration system of the turbine. In the result of the study made the following conclusions: to improve the efficiency of the turbine equipment introduces additional uncontrolled steam extraction high blood pressure. The results of the calculation of the thermal scheme of turbine indicate that adding the additional LDPE gives a smaller specific fuel consumption
Š ŠŠŠ£ŠŠ¬Š¢ŠŠ¢Š ŠŠŠ ŠŠŠŠÆŠŠ¬ŠŠŠŠ ŠŠŠ”ŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠÆ ŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠ ŠÆŠŠŠ”Š¢Š Š”Š¢ŠŠŠŠ¢ŠŠŠŠŠŠ§ŠŠŠ ŠŠ”ŠŠŠ¢Š ŠŠ ŠŠŠ”ŠŠÆŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠŠ£ ŠŠ¢ŠŠŠ ŠŠŠŠŠŠ¢ŠŠŠŠ ŠŠ Š”ŠŠŠ¦ŠŠŠŠ¬ŠŠŠ”Š¢Š® Ā«Š”Š¢ŠŠŠŠ¢ŠŠŠŠŠŠÆĀ» (ŠŠŠ ŠŠŠŠŠ Š”ŠŠŠ¦ŠŠŠŠŠŠŠ¦ŠŠÆ Š¢Š ŠŠŠ ŠŠŠŠ¢ŠŠ”Š¢ŠŠ¦ŠŠŠŠŠ Š¦ŠŠŠ)
Purpose: to compare the results of quantitative and qualitative indicators of dental education of interns and students of the post-graduate education faculty of Danylo Halytskyi Lviv National Medical University.
Materials and methods. In a comparative study, 129 doctors-interns from the primary specialization cycle on the specialty āStomatologyā and 113 doctors-listeners of the pre-certification cycle āStomatologyā took part from the Western region. The study was carried out in the form of blank test using 80 test questions from the open booklet spring of 2016 āKROK-3. Dentistryā. Statistical processing of materials was carried out using the computer program Statistica 10.0.
Results. The greatest difference between the percentages of interns and doctors who listened successfully to individual subtasks was observed in testing for the subtest category P.8 āInflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial areaĀ», in which the percentage of interns who made the subtest was 2.32 times higher than the corresponding the indicator among listeners (86.8Ā±1.45) % versus (39.7Ā±2.45) %, p <0.001), and the lowest (1.56 times) ā when tested for the subtest category P.13 āComplication that arise due to dental interventionsā (86.8Ā±1.38) % vs. (55.5Ā±2.53) %, p <0.001). The average percentage of the test for doctors with a work experience of up to 5 years was (50.36Ā±1.38) %. The lowest result was established by doctors-listeners with a work experience of 5ā10 years (32.69Ā±4.88) %. Concerning the difficulties that they encountered during the test, (96.5Ā±1.74) % (109 persons) of the interviewed doctors-listeners indicated that the most difficult was to distinguish answers to questions on the degree of their correctness. According to (84.1Ā±3.44) % of the respondents (95 people), they were not ready to be tested.
Conclusions. A comparative study of the quantitative and qualitative indicators of dental education at the postgraduate stage of the training made it possible to find out the absence of the majority of dental doctors with experience of 16 years or more, the skills of this exam. There is a significant regress of the indicators of the preparation of this test among doctors-students with experience in the field of dentistry 5 years or more. Since preparation of doctors for appropriate postgraduate education courses requires a certain amount of time, we believe that in the next 5 years the level of complexity of the exam for practicing doctors should be simpler than āKROK 3. Dentistryā for graduates of medical universities.ŠŠµŃŠ°: ŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠ²Š½ŃŃŠø ŃŠµŠ·ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŠø ŠŗŃŠ»ŃŠŗŃŃŠ½ŠøŃ
ŃŠ° ŃŠŗŃŃŠ½ŠøŃ
ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ°Š·Š½ŠøŠŗŃŠ² ŃŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃŠ½Š¾Ń Š¾ŃŠ²ŃŃŠø Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ½ŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŠ² ŃŠ° ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² ŃŠ°ŠŗŃŠ»ŃŃŠµŃŃ ŠæŃŃŠ»ŃŠ“ŠøŠæŠ»Š¾Š¼Š½Š¾Ń Š¾ŃŠ²ŃŃŠø ŠŠŠŠ£ ŃŠ¼ŠµŠ½Ń ŠŠ°Š½ŠøŠ»Š° ŠŠ°Š»ŠøŃŃŠŗŠ¾Š³Š¾.
ŠŠ°ŃŠµŃŃŠ°Š»Šø Ń Š¼ŠµŃŠ¾Š“Šø. Š£ ŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠ²Š½ŃŠ»ŃŠ½Š¾Š¼Ń Š“Š¾ŃŠ»ŃŠ“Š¶ŠµŠ½Š½Ń Š²Š·ŃŠ»Šø ŃŃŠ°ŃŃŃ 129 Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ½ŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŠ² ŃŠøŠŗŠ»Ń ŠæŠµŃŠ²ŠøŠ½Š½Š¾Ń ŃŠæŠµŃŃŠ°Š»ŃŠ·Š°ŃŃŃ Š·Š° ŃŠæŠµŃŃŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŃŃŃ Ā«Š”ŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃĀ» ŃŠ° 113 Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ“Š°ŃŠµŃŃŠ°ŃŃŠ¹Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠøŠŗŠ»Ń Ā«Š”ŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾ĀŠ»Š¾Š³ŃŃĀ» ŠŠ°Ń
ŃŠ“Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠµŠ³ŃŠ¾Š½Ń. ŠŠ¾ŃŠ»ŃŠ“Š¶ŠµŠ½Š½Ń ŠæŃŠ¾Š²Š¾Š“ŠøŠ»Šø Ń Š²ŠøŠ³Š»ŃŠ“Ń Š±Š»Š°Š½ŠŗŠ¾Š²Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠµŃŃŃŠ²Š°Š½Š½Ń Š· Š²ŠøŠŗŠ¾ŃŠøŃŃŠ°Š½Š½ŃŠ¼ 80 ŃŠµŃŃŠ¾Š²ŠøŃ
ŠæŠøŃŠ°Š½Ń Š· Š²ŃŠ“ŠŗŃŠøŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ Š±ŃŠŗŠ»ŠµŃŃ Š²ŠµŃŠ½Š° 2016 Ā«ŠŠ ŠŠ-3. Š”ŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃĀ». Š”ŃŠ°ŃŠøŃŃŠøŃŠ½Ń Š¾Š±ŃŠ¾Š±ŠŗŃ Š¼Š°ŃŠµŃŃŠ°Š»ŃŠ² ŠæŃŠ¾Š²Š¾Š“ŠøŠ»Šø Š·Š° Š“Š¾ŠæŠ¾Š¼Š¾Š³Š¾Ń ŠŗŠ¾Š¼ŠæāŃŃŠµŃŠ½Š¾Ń ŠæŃŠ¾Š³ŃŠ°Š¼Šø Statistica 10.0.
Š ŠµŠ·ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°ŃŠø. ŠŠ°Š¹Š±ŃŠ»ŃŃŃ ŃŃŠ·Š½ŠøŃŃ Š¼ŃŠ¶ Š²ŃŠ“ŃŠ¾ŃŠŗŠ°Š¼Šø ŃŠ½ŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŠ² ŃŠ° Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ², ŃŠŗŃ ŃŃŠæŃŃŠ½Š¾ ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š»Šø Š¾ŠŗŃŠµŠ¼Ń ŃŃŠ±ĀŃŠµŃŃŠø, ŃŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠµŃŃŠ³Š°Š»Šø ŠæŃŠø ŃŠµŃŃŃŠ²Š°Š½Š½Ń Š½Š° ŠŗŠ°ŃŠµŠ³Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŃŠ±ŃŠµŃŃŃ Š. 8 Ā«ŠŠ°ŠæŠ°Š»ŃŠ½Ń Š·Š°Ń
Š²Š¾ŃŃŠ²Š°Š½Š½Ń ŃŠµŠ»ŠµŠæŠ½Š¾-Š»ŠøŃŠµŠ²Š¾Ń Š“ŃŠ»ŃŠ½ŠŗŠøĀ», ŠæŃŠø ŃŠŗŃŠ¹ Š²ŃŠ“ŃŠ¾ŃŠ¾Šŗ ŃŠ½ŃŠµŃŠ½ŃŠ², ŃŠŗŃ ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š»Šø ŃŃŠ±ŃŠµŃŃ, Ń 2,32 ŃŠ°Š·Š° ŠæŠµŃŠµŠ²ŠøŃŃŠ²Š°Š² Š²ŃŠ“ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŠ“Š½ŠøŠ¹ ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ°Š·Š½ŠøŠŗ ŃŠµŃŠµŠ“ Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² (86,8Ā±1,45 % ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŠø 39,7Ā±2,45 %, Ń<0,001), Š° Š½Š°Š¹Š¼ŠµŠ½ŃŃ (1,56 ŃŠ°Š·Š°) ā ŠæŃŠø ŃŠµŃŃŃŠ²Š°Š½Š½Ń Š½Š° ŠŗŠ°ŃŠµŠ³Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŃŠ±ŃŠµŃŃŃ Š. 13 Ā«Š£ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š“Š½ŠµŠ½Š½Ń, ŃŠ¾ Š²ŠøŠ½ŠøŠŗŠ°ŃŃŃ Š²Š½Š°ŃŠ»ŃŠ“Š¾Šŗ ŃŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃŠ½ŠøŃ
Š²ŃŃŃŃŠ°Š½ŃĀ» (86,8Ā±1,38 % ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŠø 55,5Ā±2,53 %, Ń<0,001). Š”ŠµŃŠµŠ“Š½ŃŠ¹ Š²ŃŠ“ŃŠ¾ŃŠŗŠ¾Š²ŠøŠ¹ ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ°Š·Š½ŠøŠŗ ŃŠµŃŃŃ Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² ŃŠ· ŃŃŠ°Š¶ŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ¾Š±Š¾ŃŠø Š“Š¾ 5 ŃŠ¾ŠŗŃŠ² ŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²ŠøŠ² (50,36Ā±1,38) %. ŠŠ°Š¹Š½ŠøŠ¶ŃŠøŠ¹ ŃŠµŠ·ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ°Ń Š±ŃŠ² Š²ŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²Š»ŠµŠ½ŠøŠ¹ Ń Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² Š·Ń ŃŃŠ°Š¶ŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ¾Š±Š¾ŃŠø 5ā10 ŃŠ¾ŠŗŃŠ² (32,69Ā±4,88) %. Š©Š¾Š“Š¾ ŃŃŃŠ“Š½Š¾ŃŃŠ², ŃŠŗŃ Š²ŠøŠ½ŠøŠŗŠ°Š»Šø Ń Š½ŠøŃ
ŠæŃŠ“ ŃŠ°Ń ŠæŃŠ¾Ń
Š¾Š“Š¶ŠµŠ½Š½Ń ŃŠµŃŃŃ, ŃŠ¾ (96,5Ā±1,74) % Š¾ŠæŠøŃŠ°Š½ŠøŃ
Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² (109 Š¾ŃŃŠ±) Š²ŠŗŠ°Š·Š°Š»Šø, ŃŠ¾ Š½Š°Š¹Š²Š°Š¶ŃŠµ Š±ŃŠ»Š¾ Š²ŃŠ“ŃŃŠ·Š½ŠøŃŠø Š²ŃŠ“ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŠ“Ń Š½Š° Š·Š°ŠæŠøŃŠ°Š½Š½Ń Š·Š° ŃŃŃŠæŠµŠ½ŠµŠ¼ ŃŃ
ŠæŃŠ°Š²ŠøŠ»ŃŠ½Š¾ŃŃŃ. ŠŠ° Š“ŃŠ¼ŠŗŃ (84,1Ā±3,44) % Š¾ŠæŠøŃŠ°Š½ŠøŃ
(95 Š¾ŃŃŠ±), Š²Š¾Š½Šø Š±ŃŠ»Šø Š½Šµ Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š²Ń Š“Š¾ ŃŠµŃŃŃŠ²Š°Š½Š½Ń.
ŠŠøŃŠ½Š¾Š²ŠŗŠø. ŠŃŠ¾Š²ŠµŠ“ŠµŠ½Šµ ŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠ²Š½ŃŠ»ŃŠ½Šµ Š“Š¾ŃŠ»ŃŠ“Š¶ŠµŠ½Š½Ń ŠŗŃŠ»ŃŠŗŃŃŠ½ŠøŃ
ŃŠ° ŃŠŗŃŃŠ½ŠøŃ
ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ°Š·Š½ŠøŠŗŃŠ² ŃŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃŠ½Š¾Ń Š¾ŃŠ²ŃŃŠø Š½Š° ŠæŃŃŠ»ŃĀĀŠ“ŠøŠæŠ»Š¾Š¼Š½Š¾Š¼Ń ŠµŃŠ°ŠæŃ ŠæŃŠ“Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š²ŠŗŠø Š“Š¾Š·Š²Š¾Š»ŠøŠ»Š¾ Š·āŃŃŃŠ²Š°ŃŠø Š²ŃŠ“ŃŃŃŠ½ŃŃŃŃ Ń Š±ŃŠ»ŃŃŠ¾ŃŃŃ Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŠ² ŃŠ· ŃŃŠ°Š¶ŠµŠ¼ 16 ŃŠ¾ŠŗŃŠ² Ń Š±ŃŠ»ŃŃŠµ Š½Š°Š²ŠøŃŠ¾Šŗ ŃŠ· ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š“Š°Š½Š½Ń ŃŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ ŃŃŠæŠøŃŃ. ŠŃŃŠ°Š½Š¾Š²Š»ŠµŠ½Š¾ Š·Š½Š°ŃŠ½ŠøŠ¹ ŃŠµŠ³ŃŠµŃ ŠæŠ¾ŠŗŠ°Š·Š½ŠøŠŗŃŠ² ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š“Š°Š½Š½Ń ŃŃŠ¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠµŃŃŃ Š² Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ²-ŃŠ»ŃŃ
Š°ŃŃŠ² Š·Ń ŃŃŠ°Š¶ŠµŠ¼ ŃŠ¾Š±Š¾ŃŠø 5 ŃŠ¾ŠŗŃŠ² Ń Š±ŃŠ»ŃŃŠµ Š·Š° ŃŠæŠµŃŃŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŃŃŃŃ Ā«Š”ŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃĀ». ŠŃŠŗŃŠ»ŃŠŗŠø ŠæŃŠ“Š³Š¾ŃŠ¾Š²ŠŗŠ° Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ² Š½Š° Š²ŃŠ“ŠæŠ¾Š²ŃŠ“Š½ŠøŃ
ŠŗŃŃŃŠ°Ń
ŠæŃŃŠ»ŃŠ“ŠøŠæŠ»Š¾Š¼Š½Š¾Ń Š¾ŃŠ²ŃŃŠø ŠæŠ¾ŃŃŠµŠ±ŃŃ ŠæŠµŠ²Š½Š¾Š³Š¾ ŃŠ°ŃŃ, Š²Š²Š°Š¶Š°ŃŠ¼Š¾, ŃŠ¾ ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŃŠ³Š¾Š¼ Š½Š°Š¹Š±Š»ŠøŠ¶ŃŠøŃ
5 ŃŠ¾ŠŗŃŠ² ŃŃŠ²ŠµŠ½Ń ŃŠŗŠ»Š°Š“Š½Š¾ŃŃŃ ŃŃŠæŠøŃŃ Š“Š»Ń ŠæŃŠ°ŠŗŃŠøŠŗŃŃŃŠøŃ
Š»ŃŠŗŠ°ŃŃŠ² ŠæŠ¾Š²ŠøŠ½ŠµŠ½ Š±ŃŃŠø ŠæŃŠ¾ŃŃŃŃŠøŠ¼, Š°Š½ŃŠ¶ Ā«ŠŠ ŠŠ-3. Š”ŃŠ¾Š¼Š°ŃŠ¾Š»Š¾Š³ŃŃĀ» Š“Š»Ń Š²ŠøŠæŃŃŠŗŠ½ŠøŠŗŃŠ² Š²ŠøŃŠøŃ
Š½Š°Š²ŃŠ°Š»ŃŠ½ŠøŃ
Š¼ŠµŠ“ŠøŃŠ½ŠøŃ
Š·Š°ŠŗŠ»Š°Š“ŃŠ²
Differential Base Stacking Interactions Induced by Trimethylene Interstrand DNA Cross-Links in the 5ā²-CpG-3ā² and 5ā²-GpC-3ā² Sequence Contexts
Synthetically derived trimethylene interstrand DNA cross-links have been used as surrogates for the native cross-links that arise from the 1,N 2-deoxyguanosine adducts derived from R,Ī²-unsaturated aldehydes. The native enal-mediated cross-linking occurs in the 5ā²-CpG-3 ā² sequence context but not in the 5ā²-GpC-3 ā² sequence context. The ability of the native enal-derived 1,N 2-dG adducts to induce interstrand DNA cross-links in the 5ā²-CpG-3 ā² sequence as opposed to the 5ā²-GpC-3 ā² sequence is attributed to the destabilization of the DNA duplex in the latter sequence context. Here, we report higher accuracy solution structures of the synthetically derived trimethylene cross-links, which are refined from NMR data with the AMBER force field. When the synthetic trimethylene cross-links are placed into either the 5ā²-CpG-3ā² or the 5ā²-GpC-3 ā² sequence contexts, the DNA duplex maintains B-DNA geometry with structural perturbations confined to the cross-linked base pairs. Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding is conserved throughout the duplexes. Although different from canonical B-DNA stacking, the cross-linked and the neighbor base pairs stack in the 5ā²-CpG-3 ā² sequence. In contrast, the stacking at the cross-linked base pairs in the 5ā²-GpC-3 ā² sequence is greatly perturbed. The Ļ-stacking interactions between the crosslinked and the neighbor base pairs are reduced. This is consistent with remarkable chemical shift perturbations of the C 5 H5 and H6 nucleobase protons that shifted downfield by 0.4-0.5 ppm. In contrast
- ā¦