Distinguishing ChatGPT(-3.5, -4)-generated and human-written papers through Japanese stylometric analysis

Text-generative artificial intelligence (AI), including ChatGPT, equipped with GPT-3.5 and GPT-4, from OpenAI, has attracted considerable attention worldwide. In this study, first, we compared Japanese stylometric features generated by GPT (-3.5 and -4) and those written by humans. In this work, we performed multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) to confirm the distributions of 216 texts of three classes (72 academic papers written by 36 single authors, 72 texts generated by GPT-3.5, and 72 texts generated by GPT-4 on the basis of the titles of the aforementioned papers) focusing on the following stylometric features: (1) bigrams of parts-of-speech, (2) bigram of postpositional particle words, (3) positioning of commas, and (4) rate of function words. MDS revealed distinct distributions at each stylometric feature of GPT (-3.5 and -4) and human. Although GPT-4 is more powerful than GPT-3.5 because it has more parameters, both GPT (-3.5 and -4) distributions are likely to overlap. These results indicate that although the number of parameters may increase in the future, AI-generated texts may not be close to that written by humans in terms of stylometric features. Second, we verified the classification performance of random forest (RF) for two classes (GPT and human) focusing on Japanese stylometric features. This study revealed the high performance of RF in each stylometric feature. Furthermore, the RF classifier focusing on the rate of function words achieved 98.1% accuracy. The RF classifier focusing on all stylometric features reached 100% in terms of all performance indexes (accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 score). This study concluded that at this stage we human discriminate ChatGPT from human limited to Japanese language.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figures, 5 table

FTA: a novel feature training approach for classification

conference pape

Different responsiveness to a high-fat/cholesterol diet in two inbred mice and underlying genetic factors: a whole genome microarray analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To investigate different responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet and uncover their underlying genetic factors between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) inbred mice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>B6 and D2 mice were fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet for a series of time-points. Serum and bile lipid profiles, bile acid yields, hepatic apoptosis, gallstones and atherosclerosis formation were measured. Furthermore, a whole genome microarray was performed to screen hepatic genes expression profile. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blot and TUNEL assay were conducted to validate microarray data.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>After fed the high-fat/cholesterol diet, serum and bile total cholesterol, serum cholesterol esters, HDL cholesterol and Non-HDL cholesterol levels were altered in B6 but not significantly changed in D2; meanwhile, biliary bile acid was decreased in B6 but increased in D2. At the same time, hepatic apoptosis, gallstones and atherosclerotic lesions occurred in B6 but not in D2. The hepatic microarray analysis revealed distinctly different genes expression patterns between B6 and D2 mice. Their functional pathway groups included lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immune/inflammation response and apoptosis. Quantitative real time PCR, TUNEL assay and western-blot results were consistent with microarray analysis.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Different genes expression patterns between B6 and D2 mice might provide a genetic basis for their distinctive responses to a high-fat/cholesterol diet, and give us an opportunity to identify novel pharmaceutical targets in related diseases in the future.</p

Process Study on the Preparation of Degradable Antifouling Paint Coatings by Solvent Method

Marine anti-fouling coatings have been widely used as one of the effective methods to prevent marine fouling organisms from adhering to the surfaces of various marine facilities. The main types are self-polishing anti-fouling coatings and low surface energy anti-fouling coatings, and biomimetic antifouling paint. Due to the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the anti-fouling coatings harmful to the environment have been gradually banned, so the research and development of new anti-fouling coatings has become the primary direction of development.In this paper, polycaprolactone and PLA were used as resin base materials, capsaicin as bio-friendly anti-fouling agent, starch as polysaccharide additive, the experimental samples were prepared by adjusting the mixture ratio of these materials. The experiment of adding starch and unadded starch was carried out by using Magnetic stirrer and other experimental equipment to simulate the hanging board method on the sea and observed and recorded, the effect of Starch on the hydrolysis of anti-fouling coatings using single component or blends of biodegradable materials such as polycaprolactone, polylactic acid (PLA) as resin matrix was investigated.The results showed that starch could promote the hydrolysis of resin-based materials such as PCL, and the solubility of PCL and PLA in chloroform was obtained, a preparation method of antifouling coating for marine static culture equipment was obtained

Research Progress and Prospect of Marine Antifouling Coatings

Marine biological pollution refers to activities such as a large number of barnacles, algae and other organisms or microorganisms gathering and damaging ships or other marine industries. Among them, the most effective way is to use degradable materials as the substrate and add antifouling agents that can destroy fouling organisms. Traditional marine antifouling coatings release toxic substances with broad spectrum, such as cuprous oxide and organotin, so as to achieve effective antifouling. However, with the adverse effects on the marine environment, it is a long way to go to study and prepare environment-friendly antifouling agents. This paper mainly introduces the traditional degradable materials PCL, PLA, etc., and also introduces the current low-toxic antifouling agent DCOIT composite materials and new natural antifouling agents, etc

Nurr1 regulates Top IIβ and functions in axon genesis of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>NURR1 (also named as NR4A2) is a member of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor family, which can bind to DNA and modulate expression of target genes. Previous studies have shown that NURR1 is essential for the nigral dopaminergic neuron phenotype and function maintenance, and the defects of the gene are possibly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study, we used new born <it>Nurr1 </it>knock-out mice combined with Affymetrix genechip technology and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify <it>Nurr1 </it>regulated genes, which led to the discovery of several transcripts differentially expressed in the nigro-striatal pathway of <it>Nurr1 </it>knock-out mice. We found that an axon genesis gene called <it>Topoisomerase IIβ </it>(<it>Top IIβ</it>) was down-regulated in <it>Nurr1 </it>knock-out mice and we identified two functional NURR1 binding sites in the proximal <it>Top IIβ </it>promoter. While in <it>Top IIβ </it>null mice, we saw a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra and lack of neurites along the nigro-striatal pathway. Using specific TOP II antagonist ICRF-193 or <it>Top IIβ </it>siRNA in the primary cultures of ventral mesencephalic (VM) neurons, we documented that suppression of TOP IIβ expression resulted in VM neurites shortening and growth cones collapsing. Furthermore, microinjection of ICRF-193 into the mouse medial forebrain bundle (MFB) led to the loss of nigro-striatal projection.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Taken together, our findings suggest that <it>Top IIβ </it>might be a down-stream target of <it>Nurr1</it>, which might influence the processes of axon genesis in dopaminergic neurons via the regulation of TOP IIβ expression. The <it>Nurr1-Top IIβ </it>interaction may shed light on the pathologic role of <it>Nurr1 </it>defect in the nigro-striatal pathway deficiency associated with PD.</p

コーパスを用いた仮定形音融合使用に関する計量的研究

同志社大学大学院 博士後期課程同志社大学Graduate Student, Doshisha UniversityDoshisya University音融合とは，二つ以上の単位が音の転訛などによって一つになったもので，話し言葉によく見られる特徴である。本研究では，『名大会話コーパス（名大C）』『日本語話し言葉コーパス（CSJ）』『日本語日常会話コーパスモニター公開版（CEJC）』を用いて，仮定形における音融合の使用状況について調査し，場面別・性別・年代別に音融合の使用状況にどのような差が見られるかについて，計量的に明らかにする。また，『CSJ』に付与されている印象評定データを用いて，各講演における音融合生起率と印象評定の関連について分析する。その結果，改まった場面では音融合生起率は低いこと，性別に見ると，男性のほうが女性よりも音融合生起率が高いこと，年代別に見ると，動詞仮定形音融合の生起率は50代以上において高いことがわかった。さらに，仮定形音融合使用と『CSJ』の印象評定データ項目の「講演の自発性」と「発話スタイル」に密接な関係があることもわかった。Contractions, in which two or more words are shortened by omitting or combining some sounds, are frequently used in spoken language. In this study, through the quantitative analysis of contractions of conditional forms using corpora such as the Nagoya University Conversation Corpus, Corpus of Spontaneous Japanese (CSJ), and the Corpus of Everyday Japanese Conversation, we clarify the differences in the use of contractions according to scene, gender, or generation. We also analyze the relationships between the occurrence of contractions in each lecture speech and the impression rating score data of the CSJ. The results prove that the usage of contractions is high in an informal setting, higher in men than in women, and the usage of conditional contractions of verbs is highest among those in their 50s. In addition, we demonstrate that the occurrence of contractions in each lecture speech and the impression rating scores are correlated

NASICON-type air-stable and all-climate cathode for sodium-ion batteries with low cost and high-power density

The development of low-cost and long-lasting all-climate cathode materials for the sodium ion battery has been one of the key issues for the success of large-scale energy storage. One option is the utilization of earth-abundant elements such as iron. Here, we synthesize a NASICON-type tuneable Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C nanocomposite which shows both excellent rate performance and outstanding cycling stability over more than 4400 cycles. Its air stability and all-climate properties are investigated, and its potential as the sodium host in full cells has been studied. A remarkably low volume change of 4.0% is observed. Its high sodium diffusion coefficient has been measured and analysed via first-principles calculations, and its three-dimensional sodium ion diffusion pathways are identified. Our results indicate that this low-cost and environmentally friendly Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7)/C nanocomposite could be a competitive candidate material for sodium ion batteries