Knowledge atlas of antibody-drug conjugates on CiteSpace and clinical trial visualization analysis

ObjectiveAntibody-drugs conjugates (ADCs) are novel drugs with highly targeted and tumor-killing abilities and developing rapidly. This study aimed to evaluate drug discovery and clinical trials of and explore the hotspots and frontiers from 2012 to 2022 using bibliometric methods.MethodsPublications on ADCs were retrieved between 2012 and 2022 from Web of Science (WoS) and analyzed with CiteSpace 6.1.R2 software for the time, region, journals, institutions, etc. Clinical trials were downloaded from clinical trial.org and visualized with Excel software.ResultsA total of 696 publications were obtained and 187 drug trials were retrieved. Since 2012, research on ADCs has increased year by year. Since 2020, ADC-related research has increased dramatically, with the number of relevant annual publications exceeding 100 for the first time. The United States is the most authoritative and superior country and region in the field of ADCs. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is the most authoritative institution in this field. Research on ADCs includes two clinical trials and one review, which are the most influential references. Clinical trials of ADCs are currently focused on phase I and phase II. Comprehensive statistics and analysis of the published literature and clinical trials in the field of ADCs, have shown that the most studied drug is brentuximab vedotin (BV), the most popular target is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and breast cancer may become the main trend and hotspot for ADCs indications in recent years.ConclusionAntibody-drug conjugates have become the focus of targeted therapies in the field of oncology. The innovation of technology and combination application strategy will become the main trend and hotspots in the future

Alteration effects of karstification and hydrothermalism on middle Permian Qixia formation at the Wulong section, South China

Abstract Middle Permian Qixia Formation in the southwestern region of Sichuan (SW China) has experienced multiphase fluidisation, resulting in an unclear understanding of the reservoir reconstruction effect. In this study, a systematic analysis of the Qi2 member in Wulong Town was carried out by combining field outcrop petrology and geochemistry. The results demonstrated that multiple sets of crystalline dolomite-bioclastic limestone cycles were stacked vertically in the Qi2 member, accompanied by the development of fractures and karst channels. The dolomite was mainly composed of silty-fine dolomite (D1) and recrystallised dolomite (D2). Furthermore, obvious multiphase dolomitic cements (Cd1-Cd2) were present in the fractures and pores. Early karst is known to have lithologic mutation surface development and karst channel development at the top of several secondary cycles. The vadose silt dolomites (Cd1) having karst channels developed dull luminescence under cathode luminescence (CL). Both the geochemical indicators of elements and rare earth element (REE) content indicated dysoxic-oxic environmental conditions. The hydrothermal solution displayed tectonic carniole characteristics in the strata burial stage. Fractures and pores were filled with hydrothermal minerals such as coarse dolomites-saddle dolomites (Cd2, with some caused by recrystallisation of the Cd1 hydrothermal solution) and fluorites. Coarse dolomites-saddle dolomites developed dull-red luminescence with a bright-red rim under CL and their δ18OVPDB values were more negative than those of middle Permian limestone samples. Both the geochemical indicators of elements and REE content indicated the suboxic-anoxic environmental conditions. Karstification had minor constructive impact on the reservoir of the Qi2 member in Baoxing in southwestern Sichuan. Most products of karstification were distributed as fillings in channels. Aside from creating certain networked fractures, the hydrothermal solution was mainly filled with hydrothermal minerals along the fractures, pores and early karst channels. Karst and the hydrothermal solution mainly damaged the middle and upper parts of the middle Permian Qixia Formation in Southwest Sichuan. The impact of episodic fluid on the restoration of the carbonate reservoir was mainly restricted by channels for fluid migration and thickness differences among the reservoir. However, certain thick-layered and massive crystalline dolomite may hold promise for exploration

Advances in Utilization of Agricultural Waste Based on Production of Edible Fungi

Along with the rapid development of edible fungus industry in China, the traditional mode of production giving priority to wood chips will be severely limited, and using agricultural waste distributed widely, having large yield, and containing high content of organic matter to produce edible fungus has good economic and ecological benefit. In this paper, based on the analysis of characteristics of agricultural waste in China, the present situation of application of agricultural waste in the production of edible fungi at home and abroad was introduced, and the main problems existing in production of edible fungi by using agricultural waste in China at the present stage were pointed out. Finally, the development direction of using agricultural waste to cultivate edible fungi was discussed, and some suggestions were put forward, such as improving the theoretical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi, and establishing the standardized technical system for using agricultural waste to produce edible fungi

Fracture Fillings and Implication of Fluid Activities in Volcanic Rocks: Dixi Area in Kelameili Gas Field, Junggar Basin, Northwestern China

The Carboniferous Batamayineishan Formation of the Kelameili Gas Field is a specific weathered crust-related volcanic reservoir that has a significant production rate in the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China, attributed to debatable processes of fluid evolution. The results suggest that various types of fluids occurring in volcanic rocks lead to the filling of quartz and calcite in fractures and their associated alteration haloes. The silica that formed quartz veins was mainly derived from deep hydrothermal fluids, while the carbon dioxide that formed calcite veins originated from sources characterized by mixing and alteration of deep hydrothermal and hydrocarbon fluids. Siliceous hydrothermal fluids rich in sulphur dioxide and other volatile components were driven by a pressure gradient and buoyancy, and circulated both laterally and vertically along the fractures, forming quartz veins and tension fractures under different temperature conditions. Moreover, changes in salinity, pressure, and carbon dioxide of deep fluids, varying from acidic to weakly alkaline, resulted in earlier calcite precipitation in contraction fractures and weathered fractures. Tectonic uplift resulted in the long-term exposure of volcanic rocks, where fresh water mixed with the partially alkaline fluid escaping the basin to form calcite cements, thus retaining the characteristics of a seepage environment in the weathered fractures. Structural fractures occurred due to tectonic movements during the burial period. Filling and leakage of hydrocarbons caused pore fluids to convert from acidic to alkaline, precipitating late sparry calcite in dissolution fractures. Late hydrothermal fluid metasomatism, brought about by infiltration into the permeable zone, caused partial dissolution of local calcite along cleavage cracks

Episodic hydrothermal alteration on Middle Permian carbonate reservoirs and its geological significance in southwestern Sichuan Basin, SW China

To analyze the episodic alteration of Middle Permian carbonate reservoirs by complex hydrothermal fluid in southwestern Sichuan Basin, petrology, geochemistry, fluid inclusion and U-Pb dating researches are conducted. The fractures and vugs of Middle Permian Qixia–Maokou formations are filled with multi-stage medium−coarse saddle dolomites and associated hydrothermal minerals, which indicates that the early limestone/dolomite episodic alteration was caused by the large-scale, high-temperature, deep magnesium-rich brine along flowing channels such as basement faults or associated fractures under the tectonic compression and napping during the Indosinian. The time of magnesium-rich hydrothermal activity was from the Middle Triassic to the Late Triassic. The siliceous and calcite fillings were triggered by hydrothermal alteration in the Middle and Late Yanshanian Movement and Himalayan Movement. Hydrothermal dolomitization is controlled by fault, hydrothermal property, flowing channel and surrounding rock lithology, which occur as equilibrium effect of porosity and permeability. The thick massive grainstone/dolomites were mainly altered by modification such as hydrothermal dolomitization/recrystallization, brecciation and fracture-vugs filling. Early thin–medium packstones were mainly altered by dissolution and infilling of fracturing, bedding dolomitization, dissolution and associated mineral fillings. The dissolved vugs and fractures are the main reservoir space under hydrothermal conditions, and the connection of dissolved vugs and network fractures is favorable for forming high-quality dolomite reservoir. Hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs are developed within a range of 1 km near faults, with a thickness of 30–60 m. Hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs with local connected pore/vugs and fractures have exploration potential

The Surfactant Tween 80 Enhances Biodesulfurization

In biocatalytic conversions, substrates and products may display inhibitory or toxic effects on the biocatalyst. Rhodococcus erythropolis 1awq could further remove sulfur from hydrodesulfurized diesel oil, and the biodesulfurization was enhanced by the surfactant Tween 80. Tween 80 was shown to decrease the product concentration associated with the cells, reducing product inhibition

Discovery of Pseudomorph Scapolite and Diagenetic Indication from the Permian Volcaniclastic Rocks in Western Sichuan (SW China)

Volcaniclastic rocks are important unconventional oil and gas reservoirs from which it is difficult to determine the protolith due to strong metasomatic alteration. Intensive alteration has occurred in much of western China, but few robustly documented examples are known from which to assess the alteration processes. Further recognition from the petrological and mineralogical record is essential to quantify the diagenetic environment, the degree of alteration, and its impacts. Permian volcanic rocks are widely developed in the western Sichuan Basin (southwestern China), with a thickness of more than 200 m. The thickness of volcaniclastic rocks in the Permian Emeishan Basalt Formation is up to 140 m, with a 5600~6000 m burial depth. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to recognizing hydrothermal alteration by the occurrence of scapolite megacryst mineral pseudomorphs (SMMPs) in Permian volcaniclastic rocks in the Sichuan Basin (southwestern China). The results show that SMMPs in the Permian volcaniclastic rocks in the western Sichuan Basin mainly occur in the lower part of the Permian basalts as intragranular minerals and rock inclusions. Scapolite is transformed into quartz and albite, and only the pseudomorph is preserved, indicating secondary hydrothermal fluid metasomatic alteration. Scapolite is formed after microcrystalline titanite and is the product of the high-temperature pneumatolytic metasomatism of plagioclase from the mafic protolith during the post-magmatic stage. The mixing of meteoric water and barium-rich hydrothermal fluid leads to the precipitation of barite; additionally, the pores are filled with barite and halite after the alteration of scapolite. The silicification and hydrothermal dissolution of scapolite and the albitization of sodium-rich matrix minerals increase the pore volume, which is conducive to the later recharge by hydrothermal fluids. The discovery of SMMPs can serve as an indicator of the high-temperature pneumatolytic metasomatism and mixing of meteoric water and deep hydrothermal fluid

Reservoir characteristics and genetic differences between the second and fourth members of Sinian Dengying Formation in northern Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas

This study investigated the characteristics and genesis of reservoirs in the 2nd and 4th members of Sinian Dengying Formation in northern Sichuan and its surrounding areas, on the basis of outcrop, drilling cores and thin section observation and geochemical analysis. The reservoirs of 2nd member are distributed in the middle part of the stratum. The reservoir quality is controlled by supergene karst and the distribution of mound-shoal complex. The bedded elongated isolated algal framework solution-cave and the residual “grape-lace” cave, which are partially filled with multi-stage dolosparite, constituted the main reservoir space of the 2nd member. There is no asphalt distribution in the pores. The pore connectivity is poor, and the porosity and permeability of the reservoir is relatively low. The reservoirs of 4th member were distributed in the upper and top part of the stratum. The reservoir quality is controlled by burial dissolution and the distribution of mound-shoal complex. The bedded algal framework solution-pores or caves, intercrystalline pores and intercrystalline dissolved pores constituted the main reservoir space of the 4th member. It's partially filled with asphalt and quartz, without any dolosparite fillings in the pores and caves. The pore connectivity is good. Most of the 4th member reservoirs had medium-low porosity and low permeability, and, locally, medium-high porosity and medium permeability. Affected by the development of mound-shoal complex and heterogeneous dissolution, the platform margin along Ningqiang, Guangyuan, Jiange and Langzhong is the most favorable region for reservoir development. Deep buried Dengying Formation in the guangyuan and langzhong areas should be the most important hydrocarbon target for the future exploration. Key words: Sichuan Basin, northern Sichuan area, Sinian, Dengying Formation, mound-shoal complex, supergene karst, burial dissolution, reservoi

Autosomal gsdf acts as a male sex initiator in the fish medaka

Sex is pivotal for reproduction, healthcare and evolution. In the fish medaka, the Y-chromosomal dmy (also dmrt1bY) serves the sex determiner, which activates dmrt1 for male sex maintenance. However, how dmy makes the male decision via initiating testicular differentiation has remained unknown. Here we report that autosomal gsdf serves a male sex initiator. Gene addition and deletion revealed that gsdf was necessary and sufficient for maleness via initiating testicular differentiation. We show that gsdf transcription is activated directly by dmy. These results establish the autosomal gsdf as the first male sex initiator. We propose that dmy determines maleness through activating gsdf and dmrt1 without its own participation in developmental processes of sex initiation and maintenance. gsdf may easily become a sex determiner or other autosomal genes can be recruited as new sex determiners to initiate gsdf expression. Our findings offer new insights into molecular mechanisms underlying sex development and evolution of sex-controlling genes in vertebrates