Attentional scope is reduced by Internet use: A behavior and ERP study

<div><p>As a crucial living environment, the Internet shapes cognition. The Internet provides massive information that can be accessed quickly via hyperlinks, but the information is typically fragmentary and concrete rather than integrative. According to construal level theory, the processing of this concrete and fragmentary information, should reduce attentional scope. Two experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, three groups of participants were asked to shop online, read magazines or have a rest respectively, and a divided attention Navon-letter task was employed to measure the attentional scope before and after the assigned activity. It was found that the difference between reaction times in response to local vs. global targets was decreased only after Internet use, while there was no decrease in either the reading or resting group. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was used, and EEG/ERP methods were used to record both behavioral response and neural activity. Results showed that before the assigned activity, there was no significant difference in N2 amplitude in response to local vs. global targets in any of the three groups; during the activity, the lower-alpha activity induced by Internet use was significantly lower than that induced by reading or resting; after the activity, correspondingly, a more negative N2 wave was induced by the global than local targets only in the Internet group, while there were no significant differences in the other groups. Consistent with construal level theory, the results suggest that when surfing the Internet, attentional scope is reduced, and this effect might continue after Internet activity.</p></div

Additional file 2: of Tau GSTs involved in regulation of leaf abscission by comparison the gene profiling of MeGSTs in various abscission-promoting treatments in cassava abscission zones

Data 2. The accession numbers of GSTs in cassava. (XLSX 20 kb

Additional file 5: of Tau GSTs involved in regulation of leaf abscission by comparison the gene profiling of MeGSTs in various abscission-promoting treatments in cassava abscission zones

Data 4. Five clusters of the cassava GST genes expressed in abscission zones in ethylene treatment or drought treatment induced leaf abscission by Hierarchical clustering analysis. (XLS 36 kb

Task related power (TRP) changes during priming task in each group.

<p>Task related power (TRP) changes during priming task in each group.</p

Additional file 1: of Tau GSTs involved in regulation of leaf abscission by comparison the gene profiling of MeGSTs in various abscission-promoting treatments in cassava abscission zones

Data 1. Primers used in qRT-PCR analysis. (XLS 39 kb

Reaction times for global and local letters during pretest and posttest session in each group.

<p>Reaction times for global and local letters during pretest and posttest session in each group.</p

Additional file 3: of Tau GSTs involved in regulation of leaf abscission by comparison the gene profiling of MeGSTs in various abscission-promoting treatments in cassava abscission zones

Figure S1. Sequence logos for conserved motifs identified in MeGSTs by MEME analysis. (JPG 1160 kb

ERP waveforms and topography in each group.

<p>ERP waveforms on F5 site for global letters and local letters during pretest and posttest session in each group, and topography of the effect of time on task on the difference in N2 amplitude between the pretest and posttest session on target letter type effect (global letters minus local letters) in each group.</p

Euphorbia sparrmanni Boiss.

原著和名: オホアガリニシキサウ科名: トウダイグサ科 = Euphorbiaceae採集地: 沖縄県 南大東島 東部海岸 (琉球 南大東島 東部海岸)採集日: 1985/12/19採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH025855国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97585

Soil microbial and chemical properties influenced by continuous cropping of banana

<div><p>ABSTRACT: The impacts of continuous cropping of banana on soil microbiological and biochemical properties are little understood. In this study, we evaluated the variations in soil bacterial community abundance and diversity, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) as well as soil enzyme activities involved in C, N and P cycles as affected by continuous cropping of banana. An initial increase in bacterial 16S rRNA copy and soil microbial biomass was observed in the second cropping and then decreased until the fourth cropping. The diversity of bacterial community showed a continuous decrease throughout the experiment. In addition, continuous cropping of banana caused shifts in bacterial community composition and structures. Soil urease and invertase exhibited the highest activities in the second cropping and then decreased gradually from the second to the fourth cropping. The phosphatase activity showed a gradual increase from the first to the third cropping. The bacterial 16S rRNA copy was positively correlated with the contents of MBN and urease activities. The results indicated that continuous cropping of banana was responsible for the disturbance of the bacterial community and that the effect on enzyme activity varies depending on the type of soil enzyme.</p></div