Table_1_Chromatic pupillometry isolation and evaluation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell-driven pupillary light response in patients with retinitis pigmentosa.DOCX

PurposeThe pupil light response (PLR) is driven by rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). We aimed to isolate ipRGC-driven pupil responses using chromatic pupillometry and to determine the effect of advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP) on ipRGC function.MethodsA total of 100 eyes from 67 patients with advanced RP and 18 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Patients were divided into groups according to severity of visual impairment: no light perception (NLP, 9 eyes), light perception (LP, 19 eyes), faint form perception (FFP, 34 eyes), or form perception (FP, 38 eyes). Pupil responses to rod-weighted (487 nm, −1 log cd/m2, 1 s), cone-weighted (630 nm, 2 log cd/m2, 1 s), and ipRGC-weighted (487 nm, 2 log cd/m2, 1 s) stimuli were recorded. ipRGC function was evaluated by the postillumination pupil response (PIPR) and three metrics of pupil kinetics: maximal contraction velocity (MCV), contraction duration, and maximum dilation velocity (MDV).ResultsWe found a slow, sustained PLR response to the ipRGC-weighted stimulus in most patients with NLP (8/9), but these patients had no detectable rod- or cone-driven PLR. The ipRGC-driven PLR had an MCV of 0.269 ± 0.150%/s and contraction duration of 2.562 ± 0.902 s, both of which were significantly lower than those of the rod and cone responses. The PIPRs of the RP groups did not decrease compared with those of the HCs group and were even enhanced in the LP group. At advanced stages, ipRGC responses gradually became the main component of the PLR.ConclusionChromatic pupillometry successfully isolated an ipRGC-driven PLR in patients with advanced RP. This PLR remained stable and gradually became the main driver of pupil contraction in more advanced cases of RP. Here, we present baseline data on ipRGC function; we expect these findings to contribute to evaluating and screening candidates for novel therapies.</p

Trajectories of cognitive reactivity and its predictive value on postpartum depression in Chinese women: a latent class growth modeling analysis

Many women are experiencing postpartum depression (PPD) after giving birth. How to recognize and intervene in high-risk PPD women early and effectively remains unknown. Our objective is to describe the latent trajectory groups of cognitive reactivity (CR) in perinatal women, and their relationship to demographic and disease-related factors, as well as investigate the associations with PPD. Data from 321 perinatal women who were evaluated in urban tertiary hospitals in China at three-time points: 32-35 weeks of pregnancy, 1 week postpartum, and 6 weeks postpartum. Latent class growth modeling was used to identify the trajectory patterns of CR and logistic regression was used to explore the association between demographic and disease-related factors, CR trajectories, and depression. Three trajectory groups were identified: the continuing deterioration group (17.2%), the postpartum deterioration group (22.1%), and the consistent resilient group (60.7%). Participants with a bachelor’s degree or higher and with gestational diabetes diagnosis were more likely to be in the continuing deterioration group. Those who were from only-child families were more likely to be in the postpartum deterioration group. Women in the continuing deterioration group and postpartum deterioration group were more likely to experience PPD. Targeted interventions should be developed based on trajectory group of CR.</p

Clinical manifestations of proliferative LN patients and Class V LN patients.

<p>SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ds-DNA, double-strain DNA.</p><p>Clinical manifestations of proliferative LN patients and Class V LN patients.</p

Comparison of baseline characteristics in patients with active LN and inactive LN.

<p>SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs-CRP, high sensitive C reaction protein; TG, total glycerin; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ds-DNA, double-strain DNA.</p><p>Comparison of baseline characteristics in patients with active LN and inactive LN.</p

Expression of renalase in glomerular macrophages in active proliferative LN.

<p>(A) Left panel—kidney immunohistochemical staining for renalase of a control subject (20X); Right panel kidney immunohistochemical staining for renalase of an active LN patient (20X), arrows indicate representative renalase expression in glomeruli; (B) immunofluorescent staining of representative kidney sections of a patient with active LN, Left panel–staining with anti-CD68 antibody, Middle left- staining with anti-renalase antibody, Middle right -: nuclear staining, Right panel- merged picture; (C) immunofluorescent staining of representative kidney sections of a patient with active LN, Left panel—staining with anti-CD34 antibody, Middle left—staining with anti-renalase antibody, Middle right-: nuclear staining, Right panel—merged picture; (D) immunofluorescent staining of THP–1 cells in culture; Left panel—staining with anti-CD68 antibody, Middle left—staining with anti-renalase antibody, Middle right-: nuclear staining, Right panel—merged picture.</p

Serum renalase as a predictive marker for active LN.

<p>(A) The amount of serum renalase in subjects with active LN was significantly higher than in individuals with inactive LN. (B) Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was performed to assess serum renalase as a predictive marker for active LN. The AUC was 0.906 using a cutoff value of 66.67 μg/ml while sensitivity was 87.5% and specificity was 89.2%.</p

Comparison of serum renalase levels in patients with active LN before and after immunosuppressive treatment.

<p>Serum renalase levels decreased significantly after six-month immunosuppressive treatment.</p

Clinical characteristics of LN patients and healthy controls.

<p>SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; hs-CRP, high sensitive C reaction protein; TG, total glycerin; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ds-DNA, double strain DNA.</p><p>Clinical characteristics of LN patients and healthy controls.</p

relevant data

Relevant data underlying the results

Serum renalase differentiates patients with proliferative LN from Class V LN.

<p>(A) Serum renalase levels were significantly higher in proliferative LN patients compared to Class V LN patients. Each dot represents the data of an individual. (B) Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was performed to assess serum renalase as a predictive marker for proliferative LN. AUC was 0.780 while sensitivity and specificity were 67.80% and 85.71%, respectively, using a cutoff of 54.81 μg/ml.</p