523 research outputs found
Systematics and conservation of the hook-billed kite including the island taxa from Cuba and Grenada
Taxonomic uncertainties within the genus Chondrohierax stem from the high degree of variation in bill size and plumage coloration throughout the geographic range of the single recognized species, hook-billed kite Chondrohierax uncinatus . These uncertainties impede conservation efforts as local populations have declined throughout much of its geographic range from the Neotropics in Central America to northern Argentina and Paraguay, including two island populations on Cuba and Grenada, and it is not known whether barriers to dispersal exist between any of these areas. Here, we present mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; cytochrome B and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2) phylogenetic analyses of Chondrohierax , with particular emphasis on the two island taxa (from Cuba, Chondrohierax uncinatus wilsonii and from Grenada, Chondrohierax uncinatus mirus ). The mtDNA phylogenetic results suggest that hook-billed kites on both islands are unique; however, the Cuban kite has much greater divergence estimates (1.8â2.0% corrected sequence divergence) when compared with the mainland populations than does the Grenada hook-billed kite (0.1â0.3%). Our findings support species status for the Cuban form, as Chondrohierax wilsonii , and subspecific status for the Grenada form. For mainland taxa, we do not find support for the currently recognized subspecies Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis in western Mexico, but we do find evidence for a genetic subdivision between populations in Central and South America, a difference previously unsuspected. The results of this study help identify conservation priorities associated with these unique Neotropical raptors. This information is of immediate interest because the Cuban kite has not been reliably seen since 1992, and <50 hook-billed kites currently inhabit Grenada.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72922/1/j.1469-1795.2007.00118.x.pd
Control in the technical societies: a brief history
By the time control engineering emerged as a coherent body of knowledge and practice (during and just after WW2) professional engineering societies had existed for many decades. Since control engineering is an interdisciplinary branch of the profession, new sections devoted to control were quickly established within the various existing technical societies. In addition, some new bodies devoted specifically or primarily to control were established. This article, a revised version of a paper presented at the IEEE 2009 Conference on the History of Technical Societies, describes how control engineering as a distinct branch of engineering became represented in technical societies in a number of countries
It\u27s not too Late for the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja): High Levels Of Genetic Diversity and Differentiation Can Fuel Conservation Programs
Background: The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is the largest Neotropical bird of prey and is threatened by human persecution and habitat loss and fragmentation. Current conservation strategies include local education, captive rearing and reintroduction, and protection or creation of trans-national habitat blocks and corridors. Baseline genetic data prior to reintroduction of captive-bred stock is essential for guiding such efforts but has not been gathered previously.
Methodology/Findings: We assessed levels of genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history for harpy eagles using samples collected throughout a large portion of their geographic distribution in Central America (n = 32) and South America (n = 31). Based on 417 bp of mitochondrial control region sequence data, relatively high levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity were estimated for both Central and South America, although haplotype diversity was significantly higher for South America. Historical restriction of gene flow across the Andes (i.e. between our Central and South American subgroups) is supported by coalescent analyses, the haplotype network and significant FST values, however reciprocally monophyletic lineages do not correspond to geographical locations in maximum likelihood analyses. A sudden population expansion for South America is indicated by a mismatch distribution analysis, and further supported by significant (p,0.05) negative values of Fu and Liâs DF and F, and Fuâs FS. This expansion, estimated at approximately 60 000 years BP (99 000â36 000 years BP 95% CI), encompasses a transition from a warm and dry time period prior to 50 000 years BP to an interval of maximum precipitation (50 000â36 000 years BP). Notably, this time period precedes the climatic and habitat changes associated with the last glacial maximum. In contrast, a multimodal distribution of haplotypes was observed for Central America suggesting either population equilibrium or a recent decline.
Significance: High levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity in combination with genetic differentiation among subgroups within regions and between regions highlight the importance of local population conservation in order to preserve maximal levels of genetic diversity in this species. Evidence of historically restricted female-mediated gene flow is an important consideration for captive-breeding programs
Parenting and toddler selfâregulation in lowâincome families: What does sleep have to do with it?
Toddlerhood is a sensitive period in the development of selfâregulation, a set of adaptive skills that are fundamental to mental health and partly shaped by parenting. Healthy sleep is known to be critical for selfâregulation; yet, the degree to which child sleep alters interactive childâparent processes remains understudied. This study examines associations between observed parenting and toddler selfâregulation, with toddler sleep as a moderator of this association. Toddlers in lowâincome families (N = 171) and their mothers were videotaped during free play and a selfâregulation challenge task; videos were coded for mothersâ behavior and affect (free play) and toddlersâ selfâregulation (challenge task). Mothers reported their childâs nighttime sleep duration via questionnaire. Results revealed significant Sleep Ă Maternal Negative Affect and Sleep Ă Maternal Negative Control interactions. Children who did not experience negative parenting had good selfâregulation regardless of their nighttime sleep duration. For children who did experience negative parenting, selfâregulation was intact among those who obtained more nighttime sleep, but significantly poorer among children who were getting less nighttime sleep. Thus, among children who were reported to obtain less nighttime sleep, there were more robust associations between negative parenting and poorer selfâregulation than among toddlers who were reported to obtain more sleep.RESUMENLos primeros años de la niñez son un perĂodo sensible en el desarrollo de la autoâregulaciĂłn, un grupo de habilidades adaptables que son fundamentales para la salud mental y a las que en parte les da forma la crianza. Es sabido que el dormir bien es esencial para la autoâregulaciĂłn y, aun asĂ, el nivel al que el sueño del niño altera los procesos interactivos entre progenitor y niño permanece poco estudiado. Este estudio examina las asociaciones entre la crianza observada y la autoâregulaciĂłn del niño pequeño, tomando como moderador de tal asociaciĂłn el proceso de dormir del niño pequeño. Se grabĂł en video a niños pequeños de familias de bajos ingresos (N=171) y sus madres durante una sesiĂłn de juego libre y una tarea de autoâregulaciĂłn que suponĂa un reto; los videos fueron codificados en cuanto al comportamiento y afecto de las madres (juego libre) y la autoâregulaciĂłn de los niños pequeños (tarea que suponĂa reto). Las madres reportaron acerca del sueño nocturno de sus niños por medio de un cuestionario. Los resultados revelaron interacciones significativas en cuanto al dormir y el negativo afecto materno, asĂ como el dormir y el negativo control materno. Los niños que no experimentaron una crianza negativa tenĂan una buena autoâregulaciĂłn independientemente de la duraciĂłn de su sueño nocturno. En el caso de los niños que experimentaron una crianza negativa, la autoâregulaciĂłn quedĂł intacta en aquellos que lograban mĂĄs tiempo nocturno de dormir, pero fue significativamente mĂĄs pobre en los niños que tenĂan menos tiempo de sueño nocturno. Por tanto, en el caso de los niños indicados en el reporte con menos tiempo de dormir nocturno, se dieron asociaciones mĂĄs robustas entre la crianza negativa y una mĂĄs pobre autoâregulaciĂłn que entre los niños pequeños indicados en el reporte con mĂĄs tiempo de dormir.RĂSUMĂLa petite enfance est une pĂ©riode sensible dans le dĂ©veloppement de lâautoârĂ©gulation, un ensemble de compĂ©tences qui sont fondamentales pour la santĂ© mentale et en partie formĂ©es par le parentage. Lâon sait quâun sommeil sain est critique pour lâautoârĂ©gulation et pourtant la mesure dans laquelle le sommeil de lâenfant altĂšre les processus interactifs enfantâparent demeure peu Ă©tudiĂ©e. Cette Ă©tude examine les liens entre le parentage observĂ© et lâautoârĂ©gulation du petit enfant, le sommeil de lâenfant ayant un effet modĂ©rateur dans ce lien. Des jeunes enfants de familles issues de milieux dĂ©favorisĂ©s (N=171) et leurs mĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© filmĂ©s durant un jeu libre et un exercice de dĂ©fi dâautoârĂ©gulation. Les vidĂ©os ont Ă©tĂ© codĂ©es pour le comportement des mĂšres et lâaffect (jeu libre) et lâautoârĂ©gulation des jeunes enfants (exercice de dĂ©fi). Les mĂšres ont fait Ă©tat de la durĂ©e de sommeil nocturne de leur enfant au moyen dâun questionnaire. Les rĂ©sultats ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que : sommeil significatif x lâaffect nĂ©gatif maternel et le sommeil x nĂ©gatif maternel contrĂŽle les interactions. Les enfants qui nâavaient pas fait lâexpĂ©rience dâun parentage nĂ©gatif avaient une bonne autoârĂ©gulation quelle quâait Ă©tĂ© la durĂ©e du sommeil nocturne. Pour les enfants ayant fait lâexpĂ©rience dâune parentage nĂ©gatif, lâautoârĂ©gulation Ă©tait intacte chez ceux ayant plus dormi, mais bien moindre chez les enfants qui avaient moins dormi. Donc, chez les enfants ayant moins de sommeil nocturne les liens bien plus robustes ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverts entre le parentage nĂ©gatif et une moindre autoârĂ©gulation que chez les petits enfants dormant plus durant la nuit.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Kleinkindalter ist ein sensibler Zeitraum fĂŒr die Entwicklung der Selbstregulation â einer Reihe von AnpassungsfĂ€higkeiten, die fĂŒr die psychische Gesundheit grundlegend sind und teilweise durch Erziehung geprĂ€gt werden. Gesunder Schlaf ist bekanntlich entscheidend fĂŒr die Selbstregulation, aber das AusmaĂ, in dem der Kinderschlaf interaktive Prozesse zwischen Kind und Eltern verĂ€ndert, ist bisher nur unzureichend erforscht wurden. Diese Studie untersucht ZusammenhĂ€nge zwischen beobachtetem Erziehungsverhalten und der Selbstregulation von Kleinkindern, wobei der Schlaf der Kleinkinder als Moderator dieser Assoziation fungiert. Kleinkinder aus einkommensschwachen Familien (N=171) und ihre MĂŒtter wurden wĂ€hrend des freien Spiels und einer herausfordernden Aufgabe zur Selbstregulation gefilmt; die Videos wurden fĂŒr das Verhalten und die Affekte der MĂŒtter (freies Spiel) und die Selbstregulation der Kleinkinder (herausfordernde Aufgabe) kodiert. Die MĂŒtter berichteten per Fragebogen ĂŒber die nĂ€chtliche Schlafdauer ihres Kindes. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Interaktionen fĂŒr Schlaf und mĂŒtterlichen negativen Affekt sowie fĂŒr Schlaf und mĂŒtterliche negative Kontrollinteraktionen. Kinder, die keine negative Erziehung erlebten, hatten eine gute Selbstregulation, unabhĂ€ngig von ihrer nĂ€chtlichen Schlafdauer. Bei Kindern, die eine negative Erziehung erfuhren, war die Selbstregulation bei denen, die mehr Nachtschlaf erhielten, intakt und bei Kindern, die weniger Nachtschlaf erhielten, jedoch deutlich schlechter. So gab es bei Kindern, von denen berichtet wurde, dass sie weniger Nachtschlaf erhielten, robustere Assoziationen zwischen negativer Erziehung und schlechterer Selbstregulation als bei Kleinkindern, von denen berichtet wurde, dass sie mehr Schlaf erhielten.æéČäœćć
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Evolutionary biology for the 21st century
New theoretical and conceptual frameworks are required for evolutionary biology to capitalize on the wealth of data now becoming available from the study of genomes, phenotypes, and organisms - including humans - in their natural environments.Molecular and Cellular BiologyOrganismic and Evolutionary Biolog
Louse (Insecta : Phthiraptera) mitochondrial 12S rRNA secondary structure is highly variable
Lice are ectoparasitic insects hosted by birds and mammals. Mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences obtained from lice show considerable length variation and are very difficult to align. We show that the louse 12S rRNA domain III secondary structure displays considerable variation compared to other insects, in both the shape and number of stems and loops. Phylogenetic trees constructed from tree edit distances between louse 12S rRNA structures do not closely resemble trees constructed from sequence data, suggesting that at least some of this structural variation has arisen independently in different louse lineages. Taken together with previous work on mitochondrial gene order and elevated rates of substitution in louse mitochondrial sequences, the structural variation in louse 12S rRNA confirms the highly distinctive nature of molecular evolution in these insects
Engaging with issues of emotionality in mathematics teacher education for social justice
This article focuses on the relationship between social justice, emotionality and mathematics teaching in the context of the education of prospective teachers of mathematics. A relational approach to social justice calls for giving attention to enacting socially-just relationships in mathematics classrooms. Emotionality and social justice in teaching mathematics variously intersect, interrelate or interweave. An intervention, usng creative action methods, with a cohort of prospective teachers addressing these issues is described to illustrate the connection between emotionality and social justice in the context of mathematics teacher education. Creative action methods involve a variety of dramatic, interactive and experiential tools that can promote personal and group engagement and embodied reflection. The intervention aimed to engage the prospective teachers with some key issues for social justice in mathematics education through dialogue about the emotionality of teaching and learning mathematics. Some of the possibilities and limits of using such methods are considered
HCV IRES manipulates the ribosome to promote the switch from translation initiation to elongation.
The internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) drives noncanonical initiation of protein synthesis necessary for viral replication. Functional studies of the HCV IRES have focused on 80S ribosome formation but have not explored its role after the 80S ribosome is poised at the start codon. Here, we report that mutations of an IRES domain that docks in the 40S subunit's decoding groove cause only a local perturbation in IRES structure and result in conformational changes in the IRES-rabbit 40S subunit complex. Functionally, the mutations decrease IRES activity by inhibiting the first ribosomal translocation event, and modeling results suggest that this effect occurs through an interaction with a single ribosomal protein. The ability of the HCV IRES to manipulate the ribosome provides insight into how the ribosome's structure and function can be altered by bound RNAs, including those derived from cellular invaders
Big data and data repurposing â using existing data to answer new questions in vascular dementia research
Introduction:
Traditional approaches to clinical research have, as yet, failed to provide effective treatments for vascular dementia (VaD). Novel approaches to collation and synthesis of data may allow for time and cost efficient hypothesis generating and testing. These approaches may have particular utility in helping us understand and treat a complex condition such as VaD.
Methods:
We present an overview of new uses for existing data to progress VaD research. The overview is the result of consultation with various stakeholders, focused literature review and learning from the groupâs experience of successful approaches to data repurposing. In particular, we benefitted from the expert discussion and input of delegates at the 9th International Congress on Vascular Dementia (Ljubljana, 16-18th October 2015).
Results:
We agreed on key areas that could be of relevance to VaD research: systematic review of existing studies; individual patient level analyses of existing trials and cohorts and linking electronic health record data to other datasets. We illustrated each theme with a case-study of an existing project that has utilised this approach.
Conclusions:
There are many opportunities for the VaD research community to make better use of existing data. The volume of potentially available data is increasing and the opportunities for using these resources to progress the VaD research agenda are exciting. Of course, these approaches come with inherent limitations and biases, as bigger datasets are not necessarily better datasets and maintaining rigour and critical analysis will be key to optimising data use
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