The Comparison between Circadian Oscillators in Mouse Liver and Pituitary Gland Reveals Different Integration of Feeding and Light Schedules

The mammalian circadian system is composed of multiple peripheral clocks that are synchronized by a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. This system keeps track of the external world rhythms through entrainment by various time cues, such as the light-dark cycle and the feeding schedule. Alterations of photoperiod and meal time modulate the phase coupling between central and peripheral oscillators. In this study, we used real-time quantitative PCR to assess circadian clock gene expression in the liver and pituitary gland from mice raised under various photoperiods, or under a temporal restricted feeding protocol. Our results revealed unexpected differences between both organs. Whereas the liver oscillator always tracked meal time, the pituitary circadian clockwork showed an intermediate response, in between entrainment by the light regimen and the feeding-fasting rhythm. The same composite response was also observed in the pituitary gland from adrenalectomized mice under daytime restricted feeding, suggesting that circulating glucocorticoids do not inhibit full entrainment of the pituitary clockwork by meal time. Altogether our results reveal further aspects in the complexity of phase entrainment in the circadian system, and suggest that the pituitary may host oscillators able to integrate multiple time cues

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.gbk

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.gff

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.ffn

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Genomic sequencing and transposon mutagenesis of a biocontrol strain of Burkholderia seminalis identify genes essential to suppression of orchid necrosis caused by B. gladioli

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.faa

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.info

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp

Burkholderia_TC3-4-2R3.fsa

36 strains of Burkholderia spp. isolated from sugarcane were evaluated for biological control of leaf and pseudobulb necrosis of orchid caused by B. gladioli. 29 of the sugarcane strains suppressed the disease in greenhouse assays. We generated a draft genomic sequence of one suppressive strain, B. seminalis TC3.4.2R3. The genome mapped to three replicons, two chromosomes and the plasmid pC3, with an estimated size of 7.67 Mb, and includes gene clusters for the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin, a rhamnolipid, the siderophores ornibactin and pyochelin, and IAA, as well as ethylene degradation via ACC deaminase. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which TC3.4.2R3 suppresses orchid necrosis, we generated a library of transposon mutants and screened 3,840 mutants for suppression of leaf necrosis. 12 mutants that lacked biocontrol activity were selected and the transposon insertions were mapped to eight genes, all of which are on chromosome 1 of the genome. Of the eight genes essential to biocontrol that were identified in this genetic screen, one is in a wcb cluster that is related to synthesis of the cell capsule, a key determinant in bacterial-host interactions in other systems, and the other seven are highly conserved among Burkholderia spp