Current–Voltage Characteristics and Solvent Dissociation of Bipolar Membranes in Organic Solvents

In this work, the chronopotentiometric responses, pH changes, and current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of bipolar membrane (BPM)/LiCl–organic solvent systems were measured and compared with those of the BPM/LiCl–water system. Monohydric alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, and amides were used as organic solvents. The chronopotentiograms and pH changes supported that the organic solvents can dissociate into cations and anions at the BPM interface. It is found that amides cannot dissociate easily at the BPM compared with alcohols. The I–V characteristics showed that both the viscosity and acid–base property of organic solvents substantially influences the dissociation behaviors in addition to the autoprotolysis constant and relative permittivity of the solvents

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLENOHUMERAL JOINT STABILITY AND GLENOID DEPTH : A CADAVERIC STUDY

The purpose is to directly measure the glenoid depth and clarify its relationship with the stability ratio. We used 9 fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (mean age : 66 years, 5 males and 4 females). Naked glenohumeral joint was investigated. The shoulder was fixed to the custom designed measurement device with the glenoid surface horizontal to the floor and the humerus with 45° abduction and 35° external rotation. The stability ratio was 27.1 ± 6.5% (mean ± standard deviation) at 90° in the anterior, 26.2 ± 7.9% at 280° in the posterior (the minimum), 48.3 ± 10.4 at 10° in the superior, and 52.9 ± 12.5% at 180° in the inferior (the maximum) direction. The mean glenoid depth was 1.4 ± 0.3 mm at 90° and 270°, and 3.4 ± 0.9 and 3.3 ± 0.9 mm at 0° and 180°, respectively, showing that both the stability ratio and glenoid depth were minimal in the anterior 3 o’clock direction. The stability ratio increased as the glenoid depth increased, and the correlation coefficient was 0.92 ( p=0.01), showing a markedly strong positive correlation. The glenohumeral joint is most unstable in the anterior direction in terms of the bony stability

Measles Viruses on Throat Swabs from Measles Patients Use Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule (CDw150) but Not CD46 as a Cellular Receptor

Both CD46 and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) have been shown to act as cellular receptors for measles virus (MV). The viruses on throat swabs from nine patients with measles in Japan were titrated on Vero cells stably expressing human SLAM. Samples from all but two patients produced numerous plaques on SLAM-expressing Vero cells, whereas none produced any plaques on Vero cells endogenously expressing CD46. The Edmonston strain of MV, which can use either CD46 or SLAM as a receptor, produced comparable titers on these two types of cells. The results strongly suggest that the viruses in the bodies of measles patients use SLAM but probably not CD46 as a cellular receptor