16 research outputs found
Polymer multilayer tattooing for enhanced DNA vaccination
DNA vaccines have many potential benefits but have failed to generate robust immune responses in humans. Recently, methods such as in vivo electroporation have demonstrated improved performance, but an optimal strategy for safe, reproducible, and pain-free DNA vaccination remains elusive. Here we report an approach for rapid implantation of vaccine-loaded polymer films carrying DNA, immune-stimulatory RNA, and biodegradable polycations into the immune-cell-rich epidermis, using microneedles coated with releasable polyelectrolyte multilayers. Films transferred into the skin following brief microneedle application promoted local transfection and controlled the persistence of DNA and adjuvants in the skin from days to weeks, with kinetics determined by the film composition. These ‘multilayer tattoo’ DNA vaccines induced immune responses against a model HIV antigen comparable to electroporation in mice, enhanced memory T-cell generation, and elicited 140-fold higher gene expression in non-human primate skin than intradermal DNA injection, indicating the potential of this strategy for enhancing DNA vaccination.Howard Hughes Medical Institute (Investigator)Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and HarvardNational Institutes of Health (U.S.) (NIH AI095109)United States. Dept. of Defense. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (contract W911NF-07-D-0004)United States. Dept. of Defense. Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (contract W911NF-07-0004
Relating domain size distribution to line tension and molecular dipole density in model cytoplasmic myelin lipid monolayers
We fit the size distribution of liquid-ordered (Lo) domains measured from fluorescence images of model cytoplasmic myelin monolayers with an equilibrium thermodynamic expression that includes the competing effects of line tension, λ, dipole density difference, Δm, and the mixing entropy. From these fits, we extract the line tension, λ, and dipole density difference, Δm, between the Lo and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases. Both λ and Δm decrease with increasing surface pressure, Graphic, although λ/Δm2 remains roughly constant as the monolayer approaches the miscibility surface pressure. As a result, the mean domain size changed little with surface pressure, although the polydispersity increased significantly. The most probable domain radius was significantly smaller than that predicted by the energy alone, showing that the mixing entropy promotes a greater number of smaller domains. Our results also explain why domain shapes are stable; at equilibrium, only a small fraction of the domains are large enough to undergo theoretically predicted shape fluctuations. Monolayers based on the composition of myelin from animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis had slightly lower values of λ and Δm, and a higher area fraction of domains, than control monolayers at all Graphic. While it is premature to generalize these results to myelin bilayers, our results show that the domain distribution in myelin may be an equilibrium effect and that subtle changes in surface pressure and composition can alter the distribution of material in the monolayer, which will likely also alter the interactions between monolayers important to the adhesion of the myelin sheath.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM076709)National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant HL051177
Deposition Kinetics of Graphene Oxide on Charged Self-Assembled Monolayers
Numerous
applications of graphene oxide (GO) thin films have emerged
after the discovery of their intriguing electrical, mechanical, and
thermal properties. Function and performance of such GO films tend
to depend on their homogeneity, morphology, and nanostructure, which
are influenced by their deposition kinetics. This study investigates
the kinetics of GO deposition on substrates of systematically varying
surface potentials via systematic quartz crystal microbalance with
dissipation and atomic force microscopy techniques. While the substrates
with a positive surface potential yielded high deposition rates but
wrinkled GO films, the substrates with a negative surface potential
lead to low deposition rates but smooth GO films. For the repulsive
interactions, the deposition rate was found to roughly exponentially
decay with the product of surface potentials of GO and the substrate.
Also, building upon the Gouy–Chapman theory and the additivity
of van der Waals interactions, expressions for electrostatic double-layer
and van der Waals interactions between a nanoplatelet (e.g., GO) and
a planar wall under parallel, perpendicular, and inclined configurations
were derived to explain the observed deposition trends. We anticipate
that these findings will provide useful guidelines for manipulating
and controlling the aqueous deposition of GO and structural properties
of resultant GO films
Adsorption mechanism of myelin basic protein on model substrates and its bridging interaction between the two surfaces
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an intrinsically disordered (unstructured) protein known to play an important role in the stability of myelin's multilamellar membrane structure in the central nervous system. The adsorption of MBP and its capacity to interact with and bridge solid substrates has been studied using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Adsorption experiments show that MBP molecules adsorb to the surfaces in a swollen state before undergoing a conformational change into a more compact structure with a thickness of similar to 3 nm. Moreover, this compact structure is able to interact with nearby mica surfaces to form adhesive bridges. The measured adhesion force (energy) between two bridged surfaces is 1.0 +/- 0.1 mN/m, (E-ad = 0.21 +/- 0.02 mJ/m(2)), which is slightly smaller than our previously reported adhesion force of 1.7 mN/m (E-ad = 0.36 mJ/m(2)) for MBP adsorbed on two supported lipid bilayers (Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, E768-E775). The saturated surface concentration of compact MBP on a single SiO2 surface reaches a stable value of 310 +/- 10 ng/cm(2) regardless of the bulk MBP concentration. A kinetic three-step adsorption model was developed that accurately fits the adsorption data. The developed model is a general model, not limited to intrinsically disordered proteins, that can be extended to the adsorption of various chemical compounds that undergo chemical reactions and/or conformational changes upon adsorbing to surfaces. Taken together with our previously published data (Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, E768-E775), the present results confirm that conformational changes of MBP upon adsorption are a key for strong adhesion, and that such conformational changes are strongly dependent on the nature of the surfaces.close1
Distinctive Stress-Stiffening Responses of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Protein Polymers under Nanoscale Gap Geometries: Effect of Shear on Silk Fibroin-Based Materials
Interfacial
dynamics, assembly processes, and changes in nanostructures
and mechanical properties of Bombyx mori silk fibroin (SF) proteins under varying degrees of nanoconfinement
without and with lateral shear are investigated. When only compressive
confinement forces were applied, SF proteins adsorbed on the surfaces
experienced conformational changes following the Alexander-de Gennes
theory of polymer brushes. By contrast, when SF proteins were exposed
to a simultaneous nanoconfinement and shear, remarkable changes in
interaction forces were observed, displaying the second order phase
transitions, which are attributed to the formation of SF micelles
and globular superstructural aggregates via hierarchical assembly
processes. The resultant nanostructured SF aggregates show several
folds greater elastic moduli than those of SF films prepared by drop-casting
and compression-only and even degummed SF fibers. Such a striking
improvement in mechanical strength is ascribed to a directional organization
of β-sheet nanocrystals, effectively driven by nanoconfinement
and shear stress-induced stiffing and ordering mechanisms
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Adsorption mechanism of myelin basic protein on model substrates and its bridging interaction between the two surfaces.
Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an intrinsically disordered (unstructured) protein known to play an important role in the stability of myelin's multilamellar membrane structure in the central nervous system. The adsorption of MBP and its capacity to interact with and bridge solid substrates has been studied using a surface forces apparatus (SFA) and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Adsorption experiments show that MBP molecules adsorb to the surfaces in a swollen state before undergoing a conformational change into a more compact structure with a thickness of ∼3 nm. Moreover, this compact structure is able to interact with nearby mica surfaces to form adhesive bridges. The measured adhesion force (energy) between two bridged surfaces is 1.0 ± 0.1 mN/m, (Ead = 0.21 ± 0.02 mJ/m(2)), which is slightly smaller than our previously reported adhesion force of 1.7 mN/m (Ead = 0.36 mJ/m(2)) for MBP adsorbed on two supported lipid bilayers (Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, E768-E775). The saturated surface concentration of compact MBP on a single SiO2 surface reaches a stable value of 310 ± 10 ng/cm(2) regardless of the bulk MBP concentration. A kinetic three-step adsorption model was developed that accurately fits the adsorption data. The developed model is a general model, not limited to intrinsically disordered proteins, that can be extended to the adsorption of various chemical compounds that undergo chemical reactions and/or conformational changes upon adsorbing to surfaces. Taken together with our previously published data (Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2014, 111, E768-E775), the present results confirm that conformational changes of MBP upon adsorption are a key for strong adhesion, and that such conformational changes are strongly dependent on the nature of the surfaces
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Bacterial Antifouling Characteristics of Helicene-Graphene Films.
Herein, we describe interfacially-assembled [7]helicene films that were deposited on graphene monolayer using the Langmuir-Schaefer deposition by utilizing the interactions of nonplanar (helicene) and planar (graphene) π-π interactions as functional antifouling coatings. Bacterial adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus on helicene-graphene films was noticeably lower than that on bare graphene, up to 96.8% reductions in bacterial adhesion. The promising bacterial antifouling characteristics of helicene films was attributed to the unique molecular geometry of helicene, i.e., nano-helix, which can hinder the nanoscale bacterial docking processes on a surface. We envision that helicene-graphene films may eventually be used as protective coatings against bacterial antifouling on the electronic components of clinical and biomedical devices
Bacterially Antiadhesive, Optically Transparent Surfaces Inspired from Rice Leaves
Because of the growing prevalence
of antimicrobial resistance strains, there is an increasing need to
develop material surfaces that prevent bacterial attachment and contamination
in the absence of antibiotic agents. Herein, we present bacterial
antiadhesive materials inspired from rice leaves. “Rice leaf-like
surfaces” (RLLS) were fabricated by a templateless, self-masking
reactive-ion etching approach. Bacterial attachment on RLLS was characterized
under both static and dynamic conditions using Gram-negative <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 and Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus
aureus</i>. RLLS surfaces showed exceptional bacterial antiadhesion
properties with a >99.9% adhesion inhibition efficiency. Furthermore,
the optical properties of RLLS were investigated using UV–vis–NIR
spectrophotometry. In contrast to most other bacterial antiadhesive
surfaces, RLLS demonstrated optical-grade transparency (i.e., ≥92%
transmission). We anticipate that the combination of bacterial antiadhesion
efficiency, optical grade transparency, and the convenient single-step
method of preparation makes RLLS a very attractive candidate for the
surfaces of biosensors; endoscopes; and microfluidic, bio-optical,
lab-on-a-chip, and touchscreen devices