4 of 7. Elastic diary of the research by design

This paper will present a specific Research by Design setting at the University of Belgrade conducted by 4of7, the initiative which simultaneously encompasses the aspects of architectural practice, research and education. In the opening paragraphs 4of7 agenda will be discussed against three overlapping areas of the study: understanding and applying computational logic within the design process, the use of the prototypical models, and the investigation of the material processes. In the further body of the text, a sequence of experiments will be documented to demonstrate an ongoing architectural research, probing into the design workflow which employs elastic material performance to achieve highly versatile spatial organization and develop a non-geometric understanding of spatial environment. The study will explore the connection between two theoretical models, initially identified as the Field and the Network and material based studies in architectural design. An abbreviated version of this text was presented at eCAADe conference “Computation and Performance” at TU Delft, September 2013

Теорија модела и егзактност научног представљања

Модели играју централну улогу у многим начним контекстима, што чини теорију модела једном од фокалних тачака савремене филозофије науке. Тема ове докторске дисертације је постепено конституисање теорије модела током последњих пола века, почевши са напуштањем програма логичког позитивизма и пионирским радовима Супеса и других аутора. Семантички приступ научним конструктима, који је наследио доминантну позицију у савременом разумевању науке, резултовао је у оштром истицању модела присутних у науци. Ипак, реконструкција научних конструката и научног резоновања помоћу математике, која је уобичајена алатка семантичког приступа, производи многе потешкоће, посебно оне везане за нучну праксу и примену научних теорија. Ја ћу тврдити да, упркос значајним предностима добивеним семантичком моделском ревоулицијом, реконструисање науке формалним средствима је у крајњој линији узалудно, првенствено зато што анализа научне праксе открива да се, чак и у најегзактнијим наукама, математика употребљава на ограничен и апроксимативан начин, погодно прилагођен специфичним научним потребама датог случаја. Ослањајући се на анализе које откривају импровизирајући карактер модела и науке уопште, покушаћемо заправо да ојачамо схватање модела као главних сазнајних и представљачких инструмената модерне науке. Главни циљ ове дисертације биће да обједини разнолике критике семантичке ортодоксије, у циљу да пружи јединствени приступ научног моделовања усмерен на праксу. Ово ћемо покушати да постигнемо путем развијања приступа заснованог на појму сличности, истовремено чувајући с моделима повезане увиде семантичког приступа и примењујући функционалистичку анализу модела. Овим методом, надамо се, дистанцираћемо се од ограничавајућих формализама и развити оквир способан да прихвати и научну когнитивну реалност, наиме њен ''људски аспект'', и њену методолошку отворност коју толико ценимо...Models play a central role in many scientific contexts, which makes model theory one of the focal points of the contemporary philosophy of science. The topic of this doctoral thesis is the gradual constitution of model theory during the last half-century, starting with the abandonment of the logical positivism program and the pioneering works of Suppes and others. The succeeding semantic approach, which resulted in emphasis of scientific models, grew to the dominant contemporary position in understanding science. However, reconstruction of scientific constructs and scientific reasoning by mathematics, the common tool of the semantic approach, spawns many difficulties, specifically the ones related to the scientific practice and the application of scientific theories. I will argue that, in spite of the significant advantages gained with the semantic model-revolution, reconstructing science by formal tools is futile, most notably on the grounds that practice-analysis reveals that, even in the most exact sciences, mathematics is used in limited and approximating ways, suitably adapted to the specific scientific needs at hand. We‘ll build on the analyses revealing the improvising character of models and science in general, and try to strengthen the conception of models as the main cognitive and representational instruments of modern science. Our main goal will be to unify diverse critiques of the semantic orthodoxy, in order to give a unitary, practice-oriented account of modeling in science. We'll try to accomplish this by evolving similarity-based approach in such a way as to preserve model related insights of the sematic approach and by employing a functionalistic analysis of models. This way, we hope, we'll distance ourselves from the restrictive formalisms and develop a framework able to accommodate both scientific cognitive reality, notably its human aspect, and her methodological openness we so much cherish...

THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCEDURE IN FEATHER HYDROLYSIS ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FEEDSTUFFS OBTAINED

Ispitivan ie utjecaj termohidrolize brašna od perja pri pritisku od 3,6, 3,8 i 4,2 bara u vremenu trajanja hidrolize od 20 minuta. Nutritivna vrijednost proteina hidroliziranog perja komparirana je sa nutritivnom vrednošću proteina sojine sačme. Na osnovu izvedenih istraživanja, dobivenih i proučenih eksperimentalnih podataka o utjecaju tehnološkog postupka pri hidrolizi perja na nutritivinu vrijednost dobivenih hraniva, mogu se dati sljedeći zaključci: Termohidrolizirano brašno od perja pri pritisku od 3,6, 3,8 i 4,2 bara u vremenu traiania hidrolize od 20 minuta, dopunjeno u smjesama sa limitirajućim aminokiselinama - sintetičkim lizinom i sintetičkim metioninom imalo ie povoljan efekat na proizvodne performanse tovnih pilića: veći prirast i efikasniju konverziju hrane.The influence of thermohydrolysis of feather meal at pressure of 3.6, 3.8 and 4.2 bars in 20 minutes of hydrolyisis was investigated. Nutritive value of hydrolyzed feather meal was compared to nutritive value of soybean meal protein. On the basis of the results obtained of the influence of technological procedure in feather hydrolysis upon nutritive value of feedstuffs obtained, it can be concluded: Thermohydrolyzed feather meal at pressure of 3.6, 3.8 and 4.2 bars for 20 minutes, supplemented in mashes with limiting amino acids, synthetic lysine and synthetic methionine had beneficial effect on production performances of broilers, higher weight gain and better feed conversion

Imaž analiz strktury antropometričeskih dimenzij

Ono što se sa najvećim stupnjem pouzdanosti može zaključiti na temelju rezultata dobijenih ovim istraživanjem jest da je image analiza veoma pogodan postupak za određivanje latentne strukture antropometrijskih varijabli i da ima ne male prednosti nad ostalim faktorskim tehnikama koje su se do sada primjenjivale u tu svrhu. Latentne dimenzije, identificirane u većem broju doadašnjih istraživanja, u image prostoru definirane su znatno pregnantnije; diferencijacija salientnih i nesalientnih saturacija mnogo je bolja, i zbog toga je stupanj jednostavnosti struktura, dobijenih bilo orthoblique, bilo oblimin transformacijom bazičnih vektora osjetljivo veći no u solucijama izvedenim na temelju komponentnog ili klasičnog faktora modela. Nažalost, osnovni problem koji je motivirao ovo istraživanje nije riješen na zadovoljavajući način. Iako su latentne dimenzije odgovorne za voleta i količinu masnog tkiva pouzdano utvrđene, i njihove relacije sa onim dijelom sistema antropometrijskih mjera koji leži u zajedničkom morfološkom podprostoru određene na način koji smanjuje količinu nesigurnosti o njihovoj stvarnoj suštini, vjerodostojan sud o prirodi latentne dimenzije odgovorne za transverzalne dimenzije skeleta nije mogao biti donesen, jer nije bilo valjanih argumenata ni za to da li su za omeđivanje latentnog morfološkog podprostora usitinu potrebne četiri dimenzije. Zbog toga je položaj vektora mjera transverzalnih dimenzija skeleta, pa i nekih mjera distalnih dijelova ekstremiteta, u latentnom morfološkom podprostoru određen nepouzdano i slabo, očito je da su za rješenje tog problema potrebne dalje analize, utemeljene na znatno većim uzorcima iz populacije antropometrijskih varijabli, i provedene ne samo faktorskim, već i drugim analitičkim tehnikama.The system of 23 anthropometric dimensions (weight; chest girth, upper and lower arm, and upper and lower leg girth; elbow, wrist and knee diametrisi shoulder and bicrystal width; height; leg, arm, fist and foot length; and upper arm, armpit, back, abdomen and lower leg skinfolds) was transformed into image variables, on the basis of information obtained from the sample of 737 males, 19-27 years old. Thee dimensions only were sufficient to limit the factor space, on the basis of any criterion for determining the number of image vectors analysis as well. Transformation of basic vectors was done by orthoblique of basic vector was done by orthoblique and oblimin methods; the results of both were very congruent. Latent dimensions in oblimin position were interpreted as body voluminosity, longitudinal dimensionality of skeleton and subcutaneous fat tissue. Factor of transversal skeleton dimensionality, found in several earlier analyses, couldn\u27t be determined, partly because of small variances of measures assigned to estimate this hypothetical dimension, partly because the greater part of the variability of some transversal measures remained outside the threedimensional latent space after their transformation to imagine variables was completed

Canonical relations of skeletal dimensions and measures of subcutaneous fat tissue

The canonical analysis of relations between skeletal dimensions and measures of subcutaneous fat tissue on a sample of 737 men, 19 to 27 years old, resulted in four pairs of canonical dimensions with significant canonical correlations. The first canonical factor of skeletal dimensions was dominately determined by knee diameter and considerably less by elbow diameter, bicrystal range and leg length. The first canonical dimensions isolated in subcutaneous fat measures was determined by the skin folds of the upper part of body. The relation of the second pair of the canonical dimensions could be ascribed to the differential influence of relative reference of longitudinal and transversal dimensions on the accumulation of fat tissue measures. The dimension, associated to the third one, isolated from the skeletal measures, was defined by the transversal dimensions usually having the largest correlations with the factor of transversal dimensionality of skeleton. The connection of the fourth pair of cannonical dimensions could be atributed to the well known relations between the bicrystal range and the tendency toward fat tissue accumulation on the lower extremities

Struktura antropometričeskih dimenzij

Na uzorku koji je obuhvatio 737 spitanika muškog spola od 19 do 27 godina primijenjen je sistem od 23 antropometrijske varijable, koje su da bi se maksimizirao stupanj pouzdanosti mjerenja, na svakom ispitaniku izmjerene tri puta, a svi kožni nabori i srednji opseg grudnog koša šest puta, uz učešće pet mjerilaca. Na temelju tako dobivenih podataka analizirana je faktorska struktura antropometrijskih dimenzija, te je utvrđena egzistencija latentnih dimenzija odgovornih za volumen i masu tijela, longitudinalnu dimenzinalnost skeleta i potkožno masno tkivo, dok je egzistencija latentne dimenzije odgovorne za transverzalnu dimenzionalnost skeleta veoma sumnjiva. Na nedovoljno realnu poziciju ovog faktora, između ostalog, ukazuje i to što cirkularne dimenzije tijela imaju veće korelacije sa ovim faktorom od mjere transverzalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta koje ga određuju, što je njegova korelacija sa faktorom volumena i mase tijela visoka, te što je njegova korelacija sa faktorom longitudinalne dimenzionalnosti skeleta relativno niska. Nedovoljna pouzdanost položaja ove latentne dimenzije može biti i posljedica primijenjenog postupka određivanja koordinatnih osovina u prostoru reskaliranom na antiimage metriku, te su nužna daljnja istraživanja faktorsk strukture antropometrijskih dimenzija primjenom drugih faktorskih metoda.On the sample of 737 males, 19-27 years old, anthropometric variables were measured. IN order to maximize the degree of measurement reliability, every measure was taken three times by 5 experimenters for every subject, and subcutaneous skinfolds adn breast girth were measured six times. On the basis of these results factor structure of anthropometric dimensions was analysed, and existency of transversal skeleton dimensionality was not proved. That the position of this factor is insufficiently determined is shown by the following facts: circular dimensions are correlated to a higher degree with this factor than transversal dimensions which determine the factor; it correlation with the factor of volume and body mass is high, and its correlation with the factor of longitudinal skeleton dimensionality is relatively low. Insufficient reliability of this latent dimension position can be also caused by the method used for determining coordinate axes in the space re-scaled on the antiimage metrics. Consequently, further investigations of the factor structure of anthropometric dimensions using other factorising methods are necessary

Relations of the vital lung capacity and anthropometric dimensions in young adult men

U okviru ispitivanja funkcionalne efikasnosti respiratornog sistema, između ostalog, najčešće se vrši ispitivanje i vitalnog kapaciteta pluća. Pri tom, za procenu izmerene vrednosti vitalnog kapaciteta pluća obično se koriste različite formule i indeksi, pomoću kojih se njegova veličina iskazuje u funkciji uzrasta i pola, kao i nekih antropometrijskih dimenzija na osnovu njihove povezanosti sa vitalnim kapacitetom pluća (V. Smodlaka, 1951; R. Medved, 1964;N Vandervael, 1964; S. Sekulić, V Stanković, V. Veljković, J. Vučo, 1964 i dr.). U nekim radovima izvršena je i procena prediktivne vrednosti takvih formula (B. Todorović, R. Mihailović, Z. Stojanović, 1968). Ispitivanje međusobne povezanosti vitalnog kapaciteta pluća i antropometrijskih dimenzija najčešće je vršeno sa obuhvatanjem samo manjeg broja osnovnih antropometrijskih mjera (Anderson, Brown, Hall, Shephard, 1968; Amrein, Keller, joos, Hercog, 1969; Bühlemann, eherrer, 1973; Brantschen, Gysi, Scherer, 1974). Stoga je cilj ovog rada da se prouče relacije vitalnog kapaciteta plućai jednog većeg sistema antropometrijskih mera među kojima je i više neposrednih mera grudnog koša.The relations of anthropometric variables with the vital lung capacity studied by regression analysis, suggest that the anthropometric variables have a significant influence on its value, so that the average error of prediction of the vital lung capacity value on the basis of the applied system of anthropometric variables is very small. At the same time, the magnitude of the vital lung capacity depends to greater extent of the longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton and body volume and body mass than on the direct variables of the chest cage from which the approximative estimation of the chest cage volume can be derived. From the practical point of view, the vital lang capacity of healthy persons behave as a morphological rather than functional characteristics, in spite of the functional nature of its essence

Nadežnost\u27 antropometričeskih izmerenij

On the sample of 737 males, 19-27 years old, the reliability of 23 anthropometric variables was estimated. Every variable was measured three times, and skinfold thickness and breast girth six times. The measurement was performed by five experimenters. The reliability and as Spearman-Brown\u27s reliability. Also the reliability of only the first measurement was estimated. When three or six measurements were used, the reliability coefficients were relatively high, but they were not sufficiently great for leg and arm length, fist width, upper arm girth, elbow width and height. When only one, i. e. the first measurement was used, the reliability coefficients were very poor, especially for skinfold thickness, elbow width, lower arm girth and foot width. Therefore, it is recommended for scientific research ro use six expermenters, every anthropometric variable being measured six times, reducing in this was the systematic error of measurement. To determine the real value of measured dimension two procedures are recommended: to transform the results into the first vector of antiimage covariance matrix. The second method was used in this work

Localized modes in linear flux dressed two-dimensional plus lattice

Flatband (FB) photonic lattices represent ideal testbed for studying transport and localization properties at the linear level in diverse physical systems [1]. Photonic lattices are easy for manipulation and investigation of wave dynamics. The photonic lattices offer an ability to design artificial gauge field effects which are equivalent to the magnetic field flux and the spin-orbit interaction in atomic systems [2]. The two-dimensional (2D) plus lattice [3] dressed by the artificial flux can be experimentally realized by techniques based on the coupled-spring resonators [4] and wave-guide networks [5]. Here we tuned the artificial flux values and studied their effect on the energy band spectrum and we were trying to find compact localized modes (CLMs). The geometry of the uniform plus lattice dressed by the artificial flux is Figure 2. Schematic of 2D plus-like lattice with artificial flux. The unit cell is encircled by a dotted line.schematically presented in Fig. 1. The unit cell consists of five sites, linearly coupled with each other with the same intra-cell coupling constant. The flux of the artificial field modifies the coupling between different unit cell sites to t∙exp(±iϕ/4), where t is the hopping parameter and ϕ is the artificial flux. In the absence of flux, in the uniform lattice, the energy spectrum has one fully degenerate FB, centered at zero, and four dispersive bands (DBs) [3]. We have found that this lattice can host the Aharonov-Bohm effect for certain flux values [6]. When diamond plaquettes are dressed by artificial flux ϕ=π, this lattice spectrum is described by two momentum independent, fully degenerated FBs, and three DBs. Corresponding CLMs have been obtained. In the comparison with the flux-free case, we found three different types of fundamental nonorthogonal CLMs now. These CLMs occupy 5 unit cells i.e. are class U=5. The central site amplitude is zero and all other 4 sites of unit cell have nonzero amplitudes.XVI Photonics Workshop : Book of abstracts; March 12-15, 2023; Kopaonik, Serbi