32 research outputs found
Pruning in poplar plantations by mechanised devices
The effects of factors (branch diameter, number of branches, plantation age number of prunings, working assembly of pruning devices, etc) on the duration of pruning in poplar plantations were investigated. Poplar branches were pruned by mechanized devices Stihl HT 75 and Husqvarna 250 PS. It was concluded that pruning time increases significantly with the number of removed branches in all plantations disregarding the plantation age and spacing. This correlation is represented by a degree function. Also, pruning time increases with the size of average branch diameter removed from the tree. The intervals of five branches can be taken as the working norms because within these intervals there are no statistically significant differences of pruning time
Damage caused by red deer (Cervus elaphus) & wild boar (Sus scrofa) in forest hunting grounds in Serbia
The systematic study and assessment of the damage by big game in forest hunting grounds in Serbia was infrequent, although the damage was evident. The objective of this paper is to identify the rates and types of damage by red deer and wild boar at three localities: (1) fenced part of the hunting ground 'Crni Lug' (Srem), (2) fenced part of the hunting ground 'Podunavsko LoviÅ”te Plavna' (Southwestern BaÄka), and (3) fenced rearing centre 'LomniÄka Reka' (Mt. Veliki Jastrebac). The damage was not recorded on locality (1). The damage on locality (2) (new polar plantations) and locality (3) (beech forests) was caused by red deer. The main causes of the damage were excessive density and disturbed population structure (sex and age), nonharmonised forest and hunting management, shortage of natural food, especially of pasture areas
Biomass from Short Rotation Energy Plantations of Black Locust on Tailing Dump of Ā»Field BĀ« Open Pit in Ā»KolubaraĀ« Mining Basin
In recent decades, the establishment of short rotation energy plantations is becoming ever more common in marginal sites, including tailing dumps of open pits in mining basins. During the exploitation cycle, not only do short rotation energy plantations produce woody biomass for energy production, but they also accumulate large amounts of carbon from the soil and air. In this case, the energy plantations are primarily environmentally friendly, which is accompanied by their economic importance. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) has a number of advantages that justify its use in the establishment of energy plantations. The main objective of this paper is to assess the current state of energy plantations of black locust established in autumn 2008 on a tailing dump of the Ā»KolubaraĀ« mining basin (Serbia), as well as to determine the yield of dry matter of black locust per hectare. The data on the number of trees, diameter and height increments, the mass of trees per diameter class and the amount of biomass were obtained by the method of partial survey. The survey found a high percentage of survival of black locust seedlings (95.67%), the average diameter in the plantation (6.83 cm), medium tree height (7.15 m) and the absolute yield of dry matter (2.96 t/ha/yr). The results of this research on experimental energy plantations will be useful in the planning of future energy plantations in low-productivity sites, as well as in the selection of techniques and technologies for utilization of energy plantations
Evaluation of Morphometric Terrain Parameters and Their Influence on Determining Optimal Density of Primary Forest Road Network
Planning forest truck roads network involves a lot of factors that directly affect their density and length. Depending on the purpose of the forest truck road network, this number is higher or lower. Our opinion was that these factors should be divided into invariable and variable. Common parameters, regardless of the purpose of the roads, are morphometric parameters because they can limit the length and density of the network of forest truck roads due to their variety of forms. For this reason, this paper deals exclusively with the morphometric characteristics of the terrain and their influence on the density of the network of forest truck roads. The DEM of the terrain was processed with GIS software based on the seven most important influencing factors. By standardizing the criteria, the obtained maps were reclassified, and then each of the seven selected parameters was weighted with the coefficients obtained by the AHP method.
In this way, a map of the suitability of the terrain for the construction and addition to the existing network of forest truck roads was obtained. The terrain is divided into 4 categories of suitability. Zero lines were drawn with GIS tools for road design. During the creation of the optimal road network, it was tested with absolute and relative openness.
As a final result, each of 26 Forest Economic Areas (FEA) was assigned to one of 4 categories of terrain suitability for the construction and density of the forest truck road network. For each category of terrain convenience, the optimal absolute and relative openness is shown. Based on this work, we suggest that the use of morphometric parameters should be considered as the first step of forest road planning in other regions
Otvorenost Ŕuma i Ŕumskog zemljiŔta u Bosni i Hercegovini, entitetu Republici Srpskoj
The focus of this paper is on the description of the openness of primary forest traffic infrastructure in the Republic of Srpska. The data were collected using Garmin Oregon 600 GPS devices across the entire territory of state forests, managed by the Public Enterprise āÅ ume Republike Srpskeā, and the recorded traces were compared and corrected by orthophoto snapshots with a 0.50 m resolution. The tools used for the processing of collected data were software ESRI ArcGIS 10.2 and Quantum GIS 16.2. In addition, the analysis covers all forest roads that pass through state forests that can be used for forest management and enable the movement of trucks. Public roads are only taken as an overview of openness of this category of roads and forest openness is shown by forest categories. The analyses included 843,466.00 ha out of the total of 1,002,056.00 ha of state-owned forests. The final aim of this analysis was to obtain a clear insight into the quantitative status of primary forest traffic infrastructure in the Republic of Srpska. The data were collected during 2016. Based on the analysis, the total density of the network of primary forest traffic infrastructure for the research area was 9.28 m/ha without public roads, i.e. 11.21 m/ha with public roads. In addition, density of the network of primary forest traffic infrastructure was determined separately for each category of forests, and the highest density of forest road network was found in forest plantations (11.57 m/ha or 14.82 m/ha with public roads) and high forests with natural regeneration (11.13 m/ha or 12.49 m/ha with public roads).Radi potrebe unaprjeÄenja mreže cesta u Republici Srpskoj, u ovome radu su prikazani odreÄeni rezultati. Dinamiku izgradnje cesta i otvaranja Å”uma prate velike oscilacije, a posebice stagnacija poÄetkom devedesetih godina. Izgradnja cesta u Republici Srpskoj nastavljena je vrlo slabo do 2006 godine, kada se krenulo intenzivno s projektiranjem i izgradnjom Å”umskih kamionskih cesta do danas. U ovome razdoblju na prostoru Republike Srpske izgraÄeno je 519 km cesta, ili prosjeÄno 47.20 km godiÅ”nje. S obzirom da ne postoji jasna analiza optimalne gustoÄe kamionskih cesta u Republici Srpskoj, u ovom sluÄaju su kao parameter poslužila sliÄna reljefna podruÄja iz okruženja. Pritom minimalna otvorenost koja je potrebna za gospodarenje Å”umama u RS uzeta je vrijednost od 15 m/ha, dok je optimalna oko 20 m/ha. Na osnovi ovih parametara uÄinjena je i analiza otvorenosti Å”uma. Otvorenost Å”uma Å”umskim kamionskim cestama iznosi 9.28 m/ha. Mnogi autori prikazali su otvorenost Å”uma, ukljuÄujuÄi i javne ceste. Glede toga, i u ovome radu prikazana je otvorenost od 11.21 m/ha. Otvorenost javnim cestama možemo promatrati u smislu znaÄenja ne samo za transport Å”umskih drvnih sortimenata, nego i za zaÅ”titu Å”uma od požara i monitoring Å”uma, kao i za prijevoz radnika i opreme do Å”uma za potrebe izvoÄenja radova na poÅ”umljavanju, uzgoju i koriÅ”Äenju Å”uma. GustoÄa Å”umskih kamionskih cesta za radoblje od 2006. do2016. godine je uveÄana za 0.62 m/ha. Ovom dinamikom izgradnje cesta minimalna otvorenost bi se dostigla za 100 godina. Otvorenost Å”uma kreÄe se od 1.19 m/ha, pa sve do 14.75 m/ha. Svega jedno Å”umsko-gospodarsko podruÄje (istoÄnodrvarsko) može se svrstati u minimalno otvoreno, Å”to predstavlja 1.48% od ukupne povrÅ”ine državnih Å”uma Republike Srpske. Å umskogospodarsko podruÄje āmajeviÄkoā ima najnižu otvorenost. Na ovome prostoru velika povrÅ”ina Å”uma je zaÅ”tiÄena kao vodozahvat pitke vode u opÄini Bijeljina, i na ovome prostoru nije dozvoljena intenzivnija eksploatacija Å”uma, pa samim tim i izgradnja Å”umskih kamionskih cesta. S obirom da je ovo podruÄje malo povrÅ”inom, ono nema veliki utjecaj na ukupnu otvorenost Å”uma i Å”umskog zemljiÅ”ta. Iz rezultata ovoga istraživanja. dolazi se do zakljuÄka, kao i u entitetu Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, da su najvažnija pretpostavka i uvjet za unaprjeÄenje Å”umske prometne infrastrukture i u Republici Srpskoj financijska sredstva. Nedostatak financijskih sredstava su osnovni uzrok zbog Äega je realizirana novogradnja cesta znaÄajno ispod preporuÄenog minimuma. Potrebno je znaÄajno intenzivirati izgradnju Å”umskih kamionskih cesta, posebice obratiti pozornost na Å”umsko-gospodarska podruÄja u kojima se skoro nikako nije gradilo. S obzirom da su parametri za utvrÄivanje otvorenosti Å”uma uzeti iz okruženja, potrebno je provesti detaljniju analizu konkretnih utjecajnih Äimbenika za ovaj prostor kako bi se odredio minimum i optimum.. Neophodno je u planskim dokumentima razraditi otvorenost Å”uma ili odreÄenim studijama analizirati sve Äimbenike koji utjeÄu na otvorenost Å”uma, kako bi se postigli optimumi gustoÄe mreže Å”umskih kamionskih cesta za razliÄite reljefne uvjete. Razvoj katastra postojeÄe Å”umske ceste je preduvjet za provoÄenje analize i dobivanje kvalitetnih programa otvaranja Å”uma. U radu je prikazana otvorenost Å”uma i Å”umskog zemljiÅ”ta primarnom mrežom cesta u Republici Srpskoj. Podaci su prikupljeni GARMIN Oregon 600 GPS ureÄajima, na cijelom podruÄju, Äiji je korisnik JPÅ āÅ ume Republike Srpskeā, a snimljeni tragovi usporeÄivani su i korigirani ortofoto snimkama rezolucije 0.50m. Za obradu podataka koriÅ”teni su GIS softveri, ArcGIS 10.2 i QGIS 2.16. GPS tragovi su razvrstani na javne i Å”umske ceste. Otvorenost Å”uma i Å”umskog zemljiÅ”ta je prikazana po kategorijama Å”uma
Analiza isplativosti harvestera John Deere 1470D Eco III u nasadima topola (Populus Ć Canadensis) ā studija sluÄaja
In the last few years, harvesters have been increasingly used in stands of deciduous tree species. The use of harvesters in Serbia began in 2008 with John Deere 1470D Eco III and it was used for felling trees and production of wood assortments in poplar plantations in the lowland area. The aim of this paper is to determine maximum profit by engaging a harvester in the given conditions, as well as to determine the total costs of the asset. Harvester achieved a total of 18,392 machine hours (MH), with an average of 1,415 hours per year. The average fuel consumption during the entire period was 16.3 l/h, or 0.76 l/m3. The highest cost of spare parts was in the 6th year (around 66,000 euros) and in the 12th year (around 82,000 euros). The total cost of spare parts and services was 656,878 euros. Based on the planning that the number of work days per year is 200, an amortization period of 7 years is obtained (the point of intersection of current and average profit growth). Results of this research indicate that harvesters older than 7 years should be replaced with new machines, due to high maintenance costs. However, these are only initial researches, which will be continued with data on several harvesters that have been procured in the meantime.Posljednjih nekoliko godina harvesteri se sve viÅ”e koriste u sastojinama listopadnih vrsta drveÄa. KoriÅ”tenje harvestera u Srbiji poÄelo je 2008. godine sa John Deere 1470D Eco III i služio je za sjeÄu stabala i proizvodnju drvnih sortimenata u nasadima topola u nizinskom podruÄju. Cilj ovoga rada je odrediti maksimalnu dobit angažiranjem harvestera u zadanim uvjetima, kao i utvrditi ukupne troÅ”kove sredstava. Harvester je postigao ukupno 18,392 strojna sata (MH), s prosjekom od 1,415 sati godiÅ”nje. ProsjeÄna potroÅ”nja goriva tijekom cijelog razdoblja iznosila je 16.3 l/h, odnosno 0.76 l/m3. NajveÄi troÅ”ak rezervnih dijelova bio je u 6. godini (oko 66,000 eura) i u 12. godini (oko 82,000 eura). Ukupni troÅ”kovi rezervnih dijelova i usluga bili su 656,878 eura. Na temelju planiranja da je broj radnih dana u godini 200, dobiva se razdoblje amortizacije od 7 godina (toÄka presjeka tekuÄeg i prosjeÄnog rasta dobiti). Ova informacija nam govori da bismo nakon 7. godine trebali harvester prodati i kupiti novi. No, ovo su samo poÄetna istraživanja, koja Äe se nastaviti s podacima o nekoliko harvestera, koji su u meÄuvremenu nabavljeni
Analysis of the features of hunting grounds in Serbia
Covering almost the entire territory of Serbia, hunting grounds occupy a unique role not only in the country's hunting practices but also in game management and wildlife conservation. Therefore, it is useful to be acquainted with their characteristics in order to manage game in a sustainable manner. Nevertheless, there has not been a proper study on the condition of hunting grounds in Serbia since the country's transition process, which reshaped the hunting sector as a whole. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the features of hunting grounds in Serbia in order to establish a base for future scientific research and appropriate decision making. The research results were obtained on the basis of the data on 272 hunting grounds in Serbia, collated during the hunting year of 2012/2013 and compared with the last comprehensive hunting analysis at the national level in 2001. The analysis suggests that the regal hunting system is still predominant in Serbia. The quality of hunting grounds has been enhanced to a certain extent, although there are yet some challenges which pose a threat to sustainable management such as the oversized hunting areas, lack of employees and poor financial condition.LoviÅ”ta u Srbiji imaju jedinstvenu ulogu, poÅ”to se prostiru preko skoro celokupne državne teritorije i služe na samo za lov, nego i za gazdovanje divljaÄi i zaÅ”titu divljih životinja. Zbog toga je korisno poznavati njihove osobine da bi se moglo gazdovati divljaÄi na održiv naÄin. Uprkos svojoj ulozi, od tranzicionih promena u Srbiji koje su preoblikovale i lovstvo, nije bilo odgovarajuÄe studije koja bi na nacionalnom nivou utvrdila stanje loviÅ”ta. Cilj ovog istraživanja je da analizira osobine loviÅ”ta u Srbiji i identifikuje njihove karakteristike radi uspostavljanja osnove za buduÄa nauÄna istraživanja i odgovarajuÄe donoÅ”enje odluka. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su dobijeni na osnovu podataka prikupljenih iz 272 loviÅ”ta u Srbiji za lovnu 2012/2013 godinu i uporeÄeni sa poslednjom sveobuhvatnom analizom lovstva na nacionalnom nivou iz 2001. godine. Analiza ukazuje da je u Srbiji i dalje dominantan regalni sistem gazdovanja. Kvalitet loviÅ”ta je donekle poboljÅ”an, iako i dalje postoje izazovi koji ugrožavaju održivo gazdovanje, kao Å”to su prevelike povrÅ”ine loviÅ”ta, nedovoljan broj zaposlenih i teÅ”ka finansijska situacija
Ozljede pri Å”umskom radu u Å umskome gospodarstvu āSremska Mitrovicaā u Srbiji
In most developed countries forestry is among the occupations with the highest rate of occupational injuries. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and main causes of occupational injuries in Serbian forestry. The data were collected in the area managed by the Forest estate (FE) āSremska Mitrovicaā for the period from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2012. The analyses involved workers engaged in different forest work operations (logger, manual loader, silvicultural worker and driver). The data analysis showed that light injuries account for 95% of all occupational injuries, while severe occupational injuries account for 5% of them. In the analyzed period there were no fatal injuries. The percentage of injuries in the total number of workers is 12%. The most commonly injured workers were loggers (68%). According to the analysis, every fourth logger was injured, and the largest number of them were injured once (99 workers). Twenty-six of them were injured twice during the same period and 9 three or more times. The average logger age was 38.8, and their average length of service was 16 years. The largest number of logger injuries occurred in March and May, on Mondays (almost 1/3 of injuries) in the period from 10 to 11 AM, and the most frequently injured body parts were the legs (38%) and arms (35%). The most common cause of injury is the blow of a branch (35%).Å umarstvo je jedna od gospodarskih grana gdje je stopa ozljeda na radu meÄu najveÄima. Uprkos tomu Å”to se poslovi u Å”umarstvu uglavnom karakteriziraju sezonalnoÅ”Äu, a ne stalnom zaposlenoÅ”Äu radnika, Å”umsko gospodarstvo āSremska Mitrovicaā gdje su provedena istraživanja ima drukÄiju praksu. Cjelokupna sjeÄa i izrada na podruÄju ovoga gospodarstva obavlŃa se ulaganjem vlastitih sredstava i vlastite radne snage. Ovo gospodarstvo karakterizira ravniÄarski teren s prosjeÄnim nadmorskim visinama ispod 100 m, gdje glavne vrste drveÄa Äine euroameriÄka topola, lužnjak i jasen. GodiÅ”nji etat Å”umskog gospodarstva iznosi oko 200Ā 000.00 m3. U ovome radu prikazani su rezultati istraživanja broja i uzroka ozljeda na radu, za razdoblje od 5 godina (2008-2012. godine). Analizirane su samo ozljede proizvodnih Å”umskih radnika (sjekaÄi, radnici koji rade na ruÄnom utovaru, vozaÄi i radnici koji rade na poslovima uzgajanja Å”uma). Svaka ozljeda na radu evidentirana je odmah nakon Å”to se dogodila. Klasifikacija ozljeda obavljena je na temelju MeÄunarodne klasifikacije bolesti (International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems), a koriÅ”ten je Å”ifrarnik bolesti iz odjeljka āvanjski uzroci obolijevanja i umiranja (V01-Y98)ā (external causes of morbidity and mortality) (V01-Y98)). Nakon svake evidentirane ozljede na radu, medicina rada je slala IzveÅ”taj o lijeÄniÄkom pregledu ozlijeÄenog radnika RepubliÄkoj inspekciji rada, Ministarstvu unutraÅ”njih poslova i Āreferentu zaÅ”tite na radu u radnoj jedinici gdje je radnik bio zaposlen. Iz IzveÅ”taja o lijeÄniÄkom pregledu Āzaposlenog podaci su unoÅ”eni u posebnu evidenciju. Ocjenu težine ozljede davao je lijeÄnik koji je prvi Āpregledao zaposlenog. Radnicima koji su radili kao sjekaÄi, Å”umsko gospodarstvo osiguralo je teÄaj koji je trajao mjesec dana (teorijska nastava) i dva mjeseca praktiÄne obuke, gdje su sjekaÄi obavili sjeÄu i obaranje uz pomoÄ iskusnijeg kolege (mentora).Ukupan broj radnika koji je na godiÅ”njoj razini bio zaposlen na poslovima koriÅ”tenja Å”uma kretao se od 302 (2010. godine) do 323 (2008. godine) (Tablica 1). NajveÄi broj radnika bio je zaposlen na poslovima uzgajanja Å”uma. Na temelju analize broja ozljeda na radu u razdoblju od 2000-2012. godine utvrÄeno je da je najveÄi broj ozljeda na radu zabilježen kod radnika koji su radili kao sjekaÄi (Slika 2). Ukupan broj ozljeda koji je evidentiran u razdoblju 2008-2012. godine je bio 181, gdje su 172 ozljede evidentirane kao lake, dok je 9 ozljeda kategorizirano kao teÅ”ka tjelesna ozljeda. Od ukupnog broja ozlijeÄenih radnika, najveÄi postotak Äine radnici koji su obavljali posao sjekaÄa (68Ā %), zatim posao radnika koji su radili na poslovima uzgajanja Å”uma (20Ā %), vozaÄa traktora (8Ā %), radnici koji rade na ruÄnom utovaru (3Ā %) i vozaÄa kamiona (1Ā %) (slika 3). Postotak ozlijeÄenih sjekaÄa u odnosu na ukupan broj iznosi 25Ā %. NajÄeÄe su se povreÄivali sjekaÄi starostne dobi izmeÄu 30 i 40 godina (Slika 4), odnosno oni radnici koji su imali izmeÄu 15 i 20 godina radnog staža (Slika 5). NajveÄi broj ozljeda sjekaÄa dogodio se u ožujku i svibnju. PromatrajaÄi dane u tjednu, najveÄi broj ozljeda dogodio se ponedjeljkom (skoro 1/3 povreda). NajveÄi broj ozljeda dogodio se u razdoblju od 10-11 sati prije podne (Slika 8). NajÄeÅ”Äe povreÄivan dio tijela su noge i ruke (Slika 9). NajÄeÅ”Äi uzrok ozljede je udarac grane (35Ā %), zatim sljede ozljede uzrokovane lancem motorne pile (21Ā %) (Slika 10). Ono Å”to su Āautori ovoga Älanka zapazili analizirajuÄi podatke, je Äinjenica da evidencije o povredama radnika postoje, ali da nisu bile uniformne ni po godinama ni po radnim jedinicama, i Äesto su nedostajali detaljni podaci o Āpovredi.Tako je odluÄeno da se u iduÄem razdoblju u dogovoru s nadležnima iz JP kreiraju novi obrasci koje treba popunjavati sukladno preporukama, koji Äe takoÄer biti dati kao prateÄi materijal
OÅ TEÄENJA NA PREOSTALIM STABLIMA I POMLATKU TIJEKOM SJEÄE I PRIVLAÄENJA DRVA U MJEÅ OVITIM I ÄISTIM BUKOVIM SASTOJINAMA
This paper presents an analysis of damage to residual trees and the regeneration that occurs during harvesting using the half tree length method and timber extraction in winter operating conditions in a pure beech stand and a mixed stand of beech fir and spruce in the territory of the Srpska Republic. In this study, types of damage were investigated, as well as the size of wounds. Felling and processing of wood assortments were performed with a chainsaw and timber extraction on earth and by skid trail to a roadside landing on a truck road was performed with a tractor Timberjack 240C. The number of injuries that occurred during the felling and transport of trees in the mixed stand was on average 2.69 wounds per felled tree, whereas in the pure stand the average number of wounds per felled tree was 2.27. During the felling of trees in both sample plots, the largest number of injuries was to the crowns of neighbouring trees, which was followed by damage to the butt end, whereas the lowest number of injuries was incurred to the root collar. During the timber winching, the most common damage was to the root collar, whereas during timber skidding the most common type of damage was to the butt end. Damage to the regeneration was evident in both sample plots in the form of breakages of plants and their branches, as well as uprooting of whole plants. Damage to the butt end and root collar that occurred at the felling stage was in the form of bark peeling and other superficial wounds whose most common sizes were larger than 200 cm2. The average area of injuries caused during the transport phase ranged from 50 to 200 cm2.Tijekom mehanizirane sjeÄe i privlaÄenja drveta nastaju oÅ”teÄenja na preostalim stablima, podmlatku i zemljiÅ”tu. Vrsta i veliÄina oÅ”teÄenja koje se javljaju pri sjeÄi, izradi i privlaÄenju drvnih sortimenata ovisi od broja stabala u sastojini, gustoÄe pomlatka, intenziteta sjeÄe, promjera stabla, veliÄine kroÅ”nje, smjera obaranja stabala, nagiba terena, metoda izrade drvnih sortimenata, uvježbanosti rukovatelja, ali i od gustoÄe primarne i sekundarne mreže puteva. Cilj ovoga rada je utvrÄivanje broja i veliÄine oÅ”teÄenja na preostalim stablima i podmlatku u Äistoj sastojini bukve i mjeÅ”ovitoj sastojini bukve, jele i smreke, kada se primjenjuje poludeblovna metoda. Uz to, cilj rada je i rangiranje oÅ”teÄenja prema uÄestalosti nastanka tijekom sjeÄe stabala i transporta drvnih sortimenata.Istraživanja su vrÅ”ena tijekom 2009. godine u Äistoj sastojini bukve i mjeÅ”ovitoj sastojini bukve, jele i smreke na podruÄju opÄine ÄajniÄe, Republika Srpska (Slika 1), na dvije pokusne povrÅ”ine. SjeÄa i izrada sortimenata izvrÅ”ena je motornom pilom. Primijenjena je poludeblovna metoda izrade drvnih sortimenata i grupni naÄin rada. PrivlaÄenje dijelova debala i debljih grana obavljeno je traktorom Timberjack 240C po zemlji do traktorske vlake i po vlaci do kamionskog puta gdje se nalazilo privremeno stovariÅ”te.S obzirom na broj oÅ”teÄenja na preostalim stablima u sastojini, uoÄeno je da su oÅ”teÄenja na kroÅ”njama susjednih stabala na obje pokusne povrÅ”ine najuÄestaliji naÄin oÅ”teÄenja (Slika 2). U mjeÅ”ovitim sastojinama evidentirano je 169 oÅ”teÄenja (0,75 po jednom stablu), a u Äistim 77 oÅ”teÄenja (0,77 po jednom stablu). Najmanje oÅ”teÄenja tijekom sjeÄe stabala javilo se na žiliÅ”tu stabala. Na PP 1 ovaj naÄin oÅ”teÄenja uoÄen je na samo tri stabla (0,01 oÅ”teÄenje po stablu), a na PP 2 na 12 stabala (0,12 oÅ”teÄenja po stablu).Tijekom privlaÄenja drvnih sortimenata do vlake, najuÄestalija oÅ”teÄenja bila su na žiliÅ”tu (Slika 2). U mjeÅ”ovitoj sastojini evidentirano je 48 stabala koja su imala ovo oÅ”teÄenje (0,32 oÅ”teÄenja po zahvatu vitla), a u Äistoj sastojini 27 stabala (0,24 oÅ”teÄenja po zahvatu vitla). OÅ”teÄenja na deblu i kroÅ”nji nisu zabilježena, dok su oÅ”teÄenja na pomlatku vrlo izražena. Pri privlaÄenju sortimenata pozicioniranih paralelno s izohipsama najÄeÅ”Äe dolazi do okretanja sortimenata oko svoje osi, Å”to uglavnom uzrokuju ozljede na preostalim stablima i podmlatku (Slika 5).Tijekom vuÄe drvnih sortimenata po vlaci do stovariÅ”ta na kamionskom putu, najÄeÅ”Äi oblik oÅ”teÄenja bio je na deblima. Ukupan broj oÅ”teÄenja na deblima u mjeÅ”ovitoj sastojini iznosi 116, odnosno, 12 % od ukupnog broja stabala koja su se nalazila uz vlaku bilo je oÅ”teÄeno na ovaj naÄin. OÅ”teÄenja na podmlatku evidentna su kako pri sjeÄi, tako i u tijeku skupljanja i privlaÄenja (Slika 2). U svakom sluÄaju, zbog veÄe gustine pomlatka u mjeÅ”ovitoj sastojini i broj oÅ”teÄenja po sruÅ”enom stablu, odnosno po zahvatu vitla, znatno je veÄi nego u Äistoj sastojini.Pri sjeÄi stabala u mjeÅ”ovitoj i Äistoj sastojini najviÅ”e su zastupljena oÅ”teÄenja Äija je povrÅ”ina veÄa od 200 cmĖ, a pri skupljanju i privlaÄenju drvnih sortimenata oÅ”teÄenja veliÄine od 50 do 200 cm