The Potential Costs of High Cohesion in Sport Teams

Cohesion is essential for team harmony and performance. It is universally sought in sport teams. The benefits have been extensively studied and are a requirement of team success. Counter to wide held belief, cohesion is not an intrinsically positive phenomenon. This thesis aimed to develop more understanding of the potential disadvantages or costs of high cohesion in sport teams to fill a significant gap in the literature. Study 1 examined the extent and nature of these costs. Athletes perceived similar costs. Fourteen categories of costs were identified with perceived pressures and communication issues demonstrated to be strongly significant. Study 2 was framed in narrative theory to explore costs experienced over the life-span career of a retired professional motor sport co-driver. The most significant costs experienced were pressure to perform and pressure to conform. The key influencing factors were a performance narrative along with what was identified as a new narrative type, the team performance narrative. Study 3 utilised the lens of narrative theory to explore when and where costs were not experienced by a current elite motorsport sport driver and his team. Buffers were indicated. Study 4 was a case study of a high performing team where across the entire season team cohesion was high but performance wasn’t reciprocated accordingly. High cohesion produced costs of conformity and normative influence, rigid demands and methods with narrow goal focus, communication issues and pressure to perform. These costs are all inter-related and interacted to have a negative impact on performance. This thesis raises awareness of the potential costs of high cohesion in sport teams and, by offering a new model – the Cohesion Costs’ Reduction Model - for identifying strategies to minimise these potential costs, aims to improve individual wellbeing in a team and improve team performance

Seeing with sound: Investigating the behavioural applications and neural correlates of human echolocation

Some blind humans use the reflected echoes from self-produced signals to perceive their silent surroundings. Although the use of echolocation is well documented in animals such as bats and dolphins, comparatively little is known about human echolocation. The overarching goal of the work presented in this thesis was to shed light on some of the basic functions of human echolocation, including the perception of the shape, size, and material. I addressed these aspects of echolocation using behavioural psychophysics and neuroimaging. In Chapter 2 I show that blind echolocators were able to accurately identify the shape of 2D objects, but that their ability to do so was dependent on the use of head and body movements to ‘scan’ the objects’ edges. I suggest that these scanning movements may be similar to the many saccades made by sighted individuals when visually surveying an object or scene. In Chapter 3 I addressed the possibility that object size perception via echolocation shows size constancy – a perceptual phenomenon associated with vision. The results revealed that an expert echolocator accurately perceived the true physical size of objects independent of their distance, even though changes to distance directly affect size-related echo information. The results of this study highlight the ‘visual’ nature of echolocation, and suggest further parallels between the two modalities than previously known or theorized. Chapter 4 presents the results of a functional neuroimaging study aimed at uncovering the neural correlates of material processing via echolocation. By having echolocators listen to recordings of echoes reflected from surfaces of different materials, I show not only that they can determine the material properties of objects, but also that the neural processing underlying this ability may make use of a visual- and auditory-material processing area in the parahippocampal cortex. Taken together, the work presented in the current thesis describes some of the recent contributions to our understanding of human echolocation, with a particular emphasis on its apparent parallels with vision and visual processing. The results of this work show that accurate and reliable information can be extracted from echoes, thus supporting echolocation as a viable resource for the blind

INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF OBJECT CONNECTEDNESS ON RAPID VISUALLY-GUIDED REACHING TOWARD MULTIPLE GOALS

We developed a rapid reaching paradigm in which we require participants to make speeded reaches toward ambiguous target displays, with a goal target filling-in only after movement onset. In our previous work, we have found that initial reaches extend toward the averaged spatial location of the presented targets. Our aim for the current study was to determine if object connectedness - a strong perceptual illusion in which two connected objects appear as one - could influence the strategic reaching behaviour. Even though there was a powerful effect of the illusion on perception, the visuomotor system was able to utilize the true target information and continue to plan reaches based on the number and distribution of targets presented. These results resonate with the idea of a division of labour between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action - but extend this dissociation (with respect to the action system) into the realm of motor planning

Cultivating domesticity : the Homemakers' Clubs of Saskatchewan, 1911-1961.

On January 31, 1911, the Homemakers' Clubs of Saskatchewan became an official organisation under the direction of the University of Saskatchewan. Established to provide isolated rural women with companionship, access to education, and the opportunity to carry out community service, Homemakers' Clubs appealed to thousands of farm women because they provided the means by which they could improve themselves, their farm homes, and their communities. Its appeal also lay in the fact that the organisation remained non-political and non-sectarian, focusing instead on women's primary responsibilities to their homes and their families. To that end, Homemakers' Clubs embraced a domestic ideology that institionalised notions of gender and celebrated women's roles in the home. Given that the nature of farm women's work was not restricted to the household, however, Homemakers' Clubs allowed rural women to redefine an urban domesticity to include their farming responsibilities. Moreover, in a setting where gender lines were often blurred and the division of labour was not always strictly defined, membership in an organisation that reinforced gender roles, promoted family and community life, and embraced a traditional mandate provided farm women with a level of respectability and femininity that was often lost in a farming setting. Finally, the domestic ideology under which the Homemakers' Clubs operated allowed its members to find recognition and validation in their work, and, in their goals to elevate home life, to legitimise their work, and to adjust domestic ideology to include their farming responsibilities, the organisation became a space in which its members discussed, debated, explored, and, in some cases, challenged common perceptions of women; they subtly challenged the status quo and demanded validation and recognition for their work in and contributions to their farms and communities. As such, an organisation that may outwardly appear to be a traditional women's organisation devoted strictly to the exchange of recipes and household advice, was, in actuality, quietly political and provided farm women with a sense of identity that enabled them to contribute fundamentally to their rural homes, families, and communities

Benefit or cost? A rookie driver’s perception of high cohesion

Cohesion is a multidimensional dynamic construct incorporating both task and social elements of a team: how members come together and remain unified in pursuit of team goals. Cohesion is vital for team harmony and the many advantages have been extensively studied. Some other research has evidenced the disadvantages of high team cohesion. Cohesion’s impact on performance is unclear. Cohesion can impact performance both positively and negatively. High cohesion contributes to harmful group processes such as deindividuation and group think: this could negatively affect performance. The purpose of this investigation was to develop understanding of how the important psychological costs of high cohesion in motorsport impacts performance. This was a mixed method case study of a World Rally Championship team across an entire competitive season. Narrative theory framed the case study process with the main qualitative data derived from interviews with the motorsport driver after each competition of the season and at the end of the season. 7.5 hours of data were thematically analyzed. Performance and cohesion were measured by self-rating across the season. Cohesion was consistently high, but performance wasn’t reciprocated accordingly. High cohesion produced 4 psychological costs: pressure to conform with normative influence, rigid demands and methods with narrow goal focus, communication issues and pressure to perform. This case study supports previous literature that proposes that high cohesion potentially negatively impacts performance through these psychological costs which can work to disrupt effective communication. A new model is offered to minimize the detrimental impact on performance produced through the psychological costs of high team cohesion

The role of the psychological costs of high cohesion on motorsport team performance:exploring the nature of the costs

Cohesion is a multi-dimensional dynamic process, incorporating task and social cohesion, occurring at both the group and personal levels. Cohesion is essential for team harmony and performance. It is universally sought in sport teams. The benefits have been extensively studied and are a requirement of team success. Counter to wide held belief, cohesion is not an intrinsically positive phenomenon. The purpose of this study, part one of a two-part investigation, was to develop understanding of the important psychological costs of high cohesion in motorsport. Fourteen categories of costs were identified from an open questionnaire to 51 motorsport competitors. Sixty-three percent of co-acting motorsport athletes considered there to be disadvantages to high social cohesion. Fifty-nine percent considered there to be disadvantages to high task cohesion. Twenty-nine percent considered there to be disadvantages to a team that was highly task and socially cohesive: the idea of achieving a balance between social and task was considered important. Motorsport competitors perceived similar costs resulting from high social cohesion to participants in other sports. However, high task cohesion was viewed as more problematic than in other sports. Important costs experienced were pressures, both performance and conformity pressures, rigidity and communication issues. These costs inter-relate and give possible mechanisms for high cohesion’s complex influence on team performance

Non-verbal interaction in the design of telepresence robots for social nomadic work

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-84).Telepresence robots have emerged as a novel solution to meeting the social communication needs of nomadic workers. This thesis provides an overview of non-verbal communication cues for telepresence robot applications, and a snapshot of the competitive landscape for commercially available telepresence robots today. It then follows the design of a low-cost telepresence robot which can be remotely operated whilst running Skype, and discusses how further non-verbal communication cues could be incorporated to increase the feeling of social presence. Specifically, face tracking and the ability to communicate gaze is developed in the final prototype.by Jennifer S. Milne.S.M

Chabauty-Coleman experiments for genus 3 hyperelliptic curves

We describe a computation of rational points on genus 3 hyperelliptic curves $C$ defined over $\mathbb{Q}$ whose Jacobians have Mordell-Weil rank 1. Using the method of Chabauty and Coleman, we present and implement an algorithm in Sage to compute the zero locus of two Coleman integrals and analyze the finite set of points cut out by the vanishing of these integrals. We run the algorithm on approximately 17,000 curves from a forthcoming database of genus 3 hyperelliptic curves and discuss some interesting examples where the zero set includes global points not found in $C(\mathbb{Q})$.Comment: 18 page