Fitness standards for the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the Oil and Gas Industry

The studies presented in this thesis were conducted to develop two minimum fitness standards, one for the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and the second for the Oil and Gas Industry. This provided the opportunity to compare across the essential tasks and resultant standards. The following stages were used for both the Maritime and Coastguard Agency and Oil and Gas Industry: a. Review the tasks requiring a significant physical fitness component (Task Analysis); b. Determine the importance of the physically demanding tasks and identify those which are critical for success and safe work (Task Assessment); c. Establish the method of best practice (Technique) for undertaking the essential tasks; d. Establish and agree the minimum performance standard for the essential tasks (Task Performance) when performed using the method of best practice; e. Assess the physical and physiological demands of these tasks (Task Quantification); f. Design and validate a simple-to-administer minimum fitness standard. The essential tasks and fitness requirements of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency fell into three groups, these were: Group 1 (All Operations): achieve a maximum aerobic score of at least 31 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 21.8 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to carry a stretcher at the head-end 200 m at a speed of 3.2 km.h-¹; continuously lift a 3 kg sledge hammer 10 times above shoulder height, based on hammering a stake into the ground; pull a rope, with a resistance of 35 kg, and maintain this load for 15 s based on manning a main rescue-line; carry a 19 kg hand-held load 200 m in 3 min 45 s allow 3 min 45 s rest, then carry a 25.5 kg hand held load, 200 m in 3 min 45 s, based on the ability to carry a stretcher (89 kg) as part of a four person team. Group 2 (Rope Technicians) should complete all the tasks as Group 1, plus pass all the technical competencies currently in place for Rope Technicians. Group 3 (Mud Technicians) as Group 1, plus achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 39 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 27.4 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to pull a stretcher across the mud at 0.8 km.h-¹, (this equates to covering 200 m in 15 minutes), prior to performing a simulated mud rescue. The essential tasks and the minimum fitness requirements of the Oil and Gas Industry were: Stair and Ladder-Climbing, achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 31 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 23.4 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ required to climb a flight of stairs at a rate of 80 steps.min-¹ and 23.6 mL.kg- ¹.min-¹ to climb a ladder at 24 rungs.min-¹; Manual Handling, based on the requirement to climb a flight of stairs at a rate of 80 steps.min-¹ for a minute carrying a load of 10 kg, 20 kg or 25 kg; Valve Turning, based on the requirement to continuously turn a medium size valve (25.4 cm diameter) set at a torque of 8.3 N.m, for 5 min; Emergency Response Team, achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 41 mL.kg-¹.min ¹, based on the aerobic demand of 30.7 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to pull a trailer/foam monitor at a speed of 5 km.h-¹. If trailer/foam monitors are not used achieve a predicted maximum aerobic score of at least 39 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ based on the aerobic demand of 28.9 mL.kg-¹.min-¹ required to climb a ladder at 34.5 rungs.min-¹. Stretcher carry 89 kg either in a two or four person lift (dependant on the facility), rope haul the heaviest anticipated load (10 kg first aid kit) up 10 m gantry, roll out a 23 m fire hose. There were no time constraints recommended for hauling kit and rolling out a hose. For those essential tasks that could not be assessed by a direct task measurement or a direct task simulation, a Predictive selection test was recommended and validated. Prediction intervals were used to take into account the inherent error between the predictive tests and the direct measurements, to determine “Pass”, “Borderline” and “Fail” categories. As a result of this work a modular approach was adopted in which individuals only undertake those test applicable to their job, with a combination of direct task measurements, direct task simulations, and Predictive selection tests recommended. It is suggested that, where possible, the use of a direct task measurement or simulation should either be progressive e.g. stretcher-carrying, or performed after a Predictive selection test, in order to reduce the risk of injury when the individuals proceed to undertake the direct task measurement or simulation e.g. manual handling. This approach has meant that consideration is given to the health and safety of the individuals undertaking the fitness standard whilst maintaining a high level of face validity.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Developmental pathways in netball match officiating:Examining the potential role of technology

Research aim: This research sought to explore the role of technology within development pathways in netball match officiating.Research methods: A qualitative methodology was employed to gain insight into technology within development pathways. 28 participants were sampled across the five global netball regions, fulfilling single and mixed umpiring (N = 21), assessing (N = 7), coaching (N = 5), tutoring (N = 5), mentoring (N = 3), administration (N = 3), and bench officiating (N = 1) roles, with thematic analysis using inductive coding adopted to investigate perspectives specifically towards technology use.Results and findings: Video within assessment processes and its implementation in analysis practices was highlighted as important for providing effective feedback. The effect might not be due to the technology alone and interactions between the individuals providing and receiving feedback should also be considered. Creating learning provision, enabling the sharing of resources and greater access to development opportunities were discussed as crucial, especially in developing world regions. However, socio-cultural differences might impact upon personal preferences in using technology or its perceived need, and regular monitoring of provision is crucial to ensure impact is occurring. Adopting processes to share knowledge across regions and creating greater assessment and mentoring opportunities were also seen to enhance development and learning. Implementation of technology should be considered in relation to different stages of development that are apparent across nations, with factors such as cost, required skills, and the compatibility being crucial to ensuring needs are met appropriately.Implications: The findings identify how technology could act to benefit match officiating pathways. The crucial factor is ensuring that equity is sought in providing mechanisms of this manner, adopting policies that are aimed at effecting the global development landscape. This might, however, be impacted by cost and availability, and as such considerations need to be made towards accessible opportunities, irrespective of geographical location.Research contribution: This research provides detail on the role of technology within development processes of sport officials and in a previously under researched sport

THE USE OF A PRE-ACTIVATION EXERCISE FOR THE HAMSTRINGS TO OPTIMISE THE AMOUNT OF MUSCLE ACTIVITY PRESENT WITHIN A NORDIC HAMSTRING CURL

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a pre activation exercise of the hamstring muscles on muscle activation during the Nordic curl. 8 male participants performed a set of Nordic Curls following a single leg Romanian deadlift using a theraband. Peak EMG data was analysed for each of the three hamstring muscles. Results show that there was a significant difference (p=0.012) in peak EMG muscle activity of the semitendinosus following activation compared to a control trial. There were no changes in peak EMG muscle activity of biceps femoris and semimembranosus. Use of a pre activation technique such as a theraband single leg Romanian deadlift can increase the peak activity in the Nordic curl and so should be performed first as a preventative measure in hamstring injuries

An examination of action capabilities and movement time during a soccer anticipation task

This study examined the anticipation responses of twenty skilled youth players who were assigned to either a change of direction (CODG) or small-sided games group (SSGG). Action capabilities were assessed via a countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), 20 m sprint, 5 m acceleration and arrowhead change of direction (COD) test. Anticipation was measured via a soccer-specific anticipation test (SSAT), which required participants to anticipate the actions of an opposing player and intercept a pass. Pre- and post-intervention testing procedures were identical for both groups. Following training there was an overall improvement in CMVJ performance (p < 0.05, r = 0.52) for both training groups and this improvement was correlated with movement initiation in the SSAT (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). The novel findings of this study highlight that different training modes can potentially have a positive impact on anticipation performance. Further investigation focussing on an examination of the relationship between training, anticipation, and action capabilities in sport is warranted for the development of research and applied perspectives in expertise