Les premiers traicts de la théorie moderne de la tragédie d’après les commentaires humanistes de l’Art poétique d’Horace (1550-1554)

Cet article s’attache à certains commentaires humanistes de l’Art poétique d’Horace pour indiquer les premiers traicts nouveaux (réception d’Aristote, et réflexions originales) qui étaient à la disposition des écrivains et du public lettré au milieu des années 1550, quand le genre de la tragédie humaniste commence à prendre véritablement son essor en France. Il souligne en particulier l’importance de celui de G. Grifoli, qui soutient la thèse — paradoxale — que l’Art poétique d’Horace est d’abord un art de la tragédie (position qu’illustrera également, en 1576, Jean Sturm), interprétation qui le rend sensible à la dimension proprement dramatique du poème tragique comme représentation scénique de la condition humaine.This article explores humanist commentaries on Horace’s Ars Poetica to discern the premiers traicts (“first traits”) (the reception of Aristotle’s work and some original reflections) available to writers and the lettered public around the 1550s, at the inception of humanist tragedy in France. It signals the importance of G. Grifoli’s work which claims that Horace’s Ars Poetica is primarily poetic tragedy (a thesis also propounded by Jean Sturm in 1576). This interpretation of Horace’s text highlights the dramatic dimension of the tragic poem as a theatrical representation of the human condition

Upgradable system opportunities in order to rationalize materials

Part of: Seliger, Günther (Ed.): Innovative solutions : proceedings / 11th Global Conference on Sustainable Manufacturing, Berlin, Germany, 23rd - 25th September, 2013. - Berlin: Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, 2013. - ISBN 978-3-7983-2609-5 (online). - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:83-opus4-40276. - pp. 96–101.Design of more sustainable products is a fundamental priority in our society. New opportunities for facilitating the dissemination of the remanufacturing approach or the Product-Service Systems, or for increasing the lifetime of product (three ways for rationalizing of materials) are proposed by the integration of upgrades, functional enrichments brought to the product. This paper aims to show the need of product upgradability through a concrete study focused on four hypotheses: • H1- Upgradability concept requires a potential of disposed devices which still works. • H2- Upgradability concept requires a need for adaptability of product towards user needs. • H3- Upgradability concept requires a need for adaptability of product versus the competition. • H4- Upgradability concept is consistent with an accumulation of problems. The first results show the necessity to consider a new sort of "evolutionary" products for sustainability: Innovations with multiples upgrade cycles

ALTITUDE AND FOOTBALL: WHAT ARE NEW METHODS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO MAXIMIZE PLAYERS' FITNESS?

International audiencePlaying football competition at terrestrial altitude is not an isolated phenomenon. For instance, eight of the last 19 football FIFA World Cup tournaments were hosted by countries located at low-to-moderate altitude. While football-required fitness and technical qualities are affected by the development of neuromuscular fatigue at sea level, hypoxia-induced decrease in convective oxygen transport further hinders the aerobic capacity but also the ability to perform consecutive sprints, eventually impacting the outcome of a game. This results from the decrease in partial pressure of oxygen which reduces maximal aerobic power. The later, in turn, increases the relative intensity of any given absolute level of work, potentially delaying recovery of high-energy phosphates between high-intensity intermittent efforts. Despite reduction in air resistance (caused by the decrease in air density) could facilitate high-velocity running, it can also alter drag and lift, thereby impairing sensorimotor skills. Conversely, altitude/hypoxic training could help footballers preparing for competition at altitude, but also at sea level. Traditional altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial or simulated altitudes (14%) for improving oxygen-carrying capacity. While "live high-train high" or "live high-train low" paradigms are actually implemented by many elite club or national team football squads, the benefits they may have on (repeated-) sprint performance are still debated. The development of hypoxic technologies has led to the emergence of "live low-train high" methods, in isolation (i.e., the "repeated-sprint training in hypoxia" and "resistance training in hypoxia") or in combination with hypoxic/altitude residence (i.e., "live high-train low and high"). Today, the panorama of altitude/hypoxic training methods is wider than ever and includes also practices such as "blood flow restriction" or "ischemic preconditioning", which demonstrate encouraging preliminary results. The aims of this chapter are twofold: First, to summarize the effects of acute altitude/hypoxia exposure on football-specific qualities measured in the laboratory and/or during games at terrestrial altitude. Second, to discuss the potential benefits of each altitude/hypoxic training method in respect to sport-specific physiological and fitness development and/or in-game performance

Claudia Jullien, Dictionnaire de la Bible dans la littérature française. Figures, thèmes, symboles, auteurs

Il s’agit d’un ouvrage de vulgarisation, qui s’appuie, pour ses références bibliques (et certains commentaires), sur la traduction française de la Bible dans la collection de la Pléiade. La théorie documentaire est exploitée – un peu maladroitement –, p. 167, à propos des noms de « Dieu », et p. 237. L’indication des termes hébreux, grecs ou latins pour les termes français correspondants, ou celle de la forme biblique des noms propres francisés constituant une entrée est en général trop irrég..

Low Voltage Totally Free Flexible RF MEMS Switch With Anti-Stiction System

This paper concerns a new design of RF MEMS switch combined with an innovative process which enable low actuation voltage (<5V) and avoid stiction. First, the structure described with principal design issues, the corresponding anti-stiction system is presented and FEM simulations are done. Then, a short description of the process flow based on two non polymer sacrificial layers. Finally, RF measurements are presented and preliminary experimental protocol and results of anti-stiction validation is detailed. Resulting RF performances are -30dB of isolation and -0.45dB of insertion loss at 10 GHz.Comment: Submitted on behalf of EDA Publishing Association (http://irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/16838

Solutions of Young-Laplace equation for partially saturated porous media. Stability analysis of capillary bridges

In this work, we propose an original resolution of Young-Laplace equation for capillary doublets from an inverse problem. We establish a simple explicit criterion based on the observation of the contact point, the wetting angle and the gorge radius, to classify in an exhaustive way the nature of the surface of revolution. The true shape of the admissible static bridges surface is described by parametric equations; this way of expressing the profile is practical and well efficient for calculating the binding forces, areas and volumes. A stability analysis of the resulting capillary bridges, revisited through Vogel's stability criteria, is also developed

Les réécritures poétiques de l'histoire de Jonas au xvie siècle et la poétique réformée

La figure biblique de Jonas est un révélateur du potentiel de la poétique réformée au xvie siècle. Si Jonas reste une préfiguration typologique du Christ et de la rédemption, son cantique donne lieu à des paraphrases lyriques permettant une appropriation personnelle et collective de la figure de l'élu sauvé, dans le cadre d'une nouvelle herméneutique biblique et de la poétique issue de Marot et de Bèze. Par ailleurs, Jonas est également valorisé comme porteur de la Parole de Dieu et prophète ultime de la pénitence. Aubigné achève de transformer le scénario calvinien de la vocation divine à une fonction prophétique, récusée puis assumée par l'élu, en un nouveau type humain complexe, typiquement réformé, et qui est à la fois un prophète élu et un prédicateur-poète.The biblical character of Jonas is an eloquent example of the scope of reformed poetics in the 16th century. While Jonas is still typologized as a harbinger of Christ and the redemption, his prayer gives rise to lyrical retellings which are at once a personal and a collective appropriation of the figure of the man chosen for salvation, within a new form of biblical hermeneutics combined with poetics inherited from Marot and Beza. Jonas is equally celebrated as the bearer of the Word of God, and as the foremost prophet of penitence. Aubigné succeeded in transforming the Calvinist scheme of divine vocation, with a prophetic function that the chosen one first challenges then faces up to, into a complex human portrait which is both original and typically reformed, in which God's chosen prophet is also a poet with a preaching mission

Dual inhibitory effects of APOBEC family proteins on retrotransposition of mammalian endogenous retroviruses

We demonstrated previously that the cytosine deaminase APOBEC3G inhibits retrotransposition of two active murine endogenous retroviruses, namely intracisternal A-particles (IAP) and MusD, in an ex vivo assay where retrotransposition was monitored by selection of neo-marked elements. Sequencing of the transposed copies further disclosed extensive editing, resulting in a high load of G-to-A mutations. Here, we asked whether this G-to-A editing was associated with an impact of APOBEC3G on viral cDNA yields. To this end, we used a specially designed quantitative PCR method to selectively measure the copy number of transposed retroelements, in the absence of G418 selection. We show that human APOBEC3G severely reduces the number of MusD and IAP transposed cDNA copies, with no effect on the level of the intermediate RNA transcripts. The magnitude of the decrease closely parallels that observed when transposed copies are assayed by selection of G418-resistant cells. Moreover, sequencing of transposed elements recovered by PCR without prior selection of the cells reveals high-level editing. Using this direct method with a series of cytosine deaminases, we further demonstrate a similar dual effect of African green monkey APOBE3G, human APOBEC3F and murine APOBEC3 on MusD retrotransposition, with a distinct extent and site specificity for each editing activity. Altogether the data demonstrate that cytosine deaminases have a protective effect against endogenous retroviruses both by reducing viral cDNA levels and by introducing mutations in the transposed copies, thus inactivating them for subsequent rounds of retrotransposition. This dual, two-step effect likely participates in the efficient defense of the cell genome against invading endogenous retroelements