Preparing for the Pacific Century: Fostering Technology Transfer in Southeast Asia

This article discusses a number of considerations that are central to structuring a successful technology transfer or investment in Southeast Asia. Most of the discussion examines these considerations from the perspective of an MNC that is a potential technology transferor, investor, or vendor in the region. However, this article should also be of interest to those responsible for formulating government policies to encourage technology transfer, since it is important to do so with the MNC\u27s perspective in mind. Clearly, for a technology transfer to be successful over the long term, a balance must be achieved between the goals of the Southeast Asian nation in attracting foreign investment and technology, and the need of the MNC to profit from and protect its investment and technology

Preparing for the Pacific Century: Fostering Technology Transfer in Southeast Asia

This article discusses a number of considerations that are central to structuring a successful technology transfer or investment in Southeast Asia. Most of the discussion examines these considerations from the perspective of an MNC that is a potential technology transferor, investor, or vendor in the region. However, this article should also be of interest to those responsible for formulating government policies to encourage technology transfer, since it is important to do so with the MNC\u27s perspective in mind. Clearly, for a technology transfer to be successful over the long term, a balance must be achieved between the goals of the Southeast Asian nation in attracting foreign investment and technology, and the need of the MNC to profit from and protect its investment and technology

The Use of Plasma Urea as an Indicator of Protein Status in Growing-Finishing Pigs

An experiment is being conducted on commercial swine operations to determine if plasma urea concentration can be used as an indicator of protein status in growing-finishing pigs. Swine producers in Eastern Nebraska are being selected to participate in this on-farm study. The experiment includes the completion of a 30-question survey and an on-farm visit for the collection of blood and feed samples. The survey includes questions about genetics, nutrition, housing and health. Preliminary results suggest that crude protein is overfed in most finishing diets. Gilts consistently have lower plasma urea concentrations than barrows when gilts and barrows are fed the same diet during the finishing growth period. This confirms the concept that gilts utilize protein more efficiently for lean growth. These results suggest that within an individual swine operation, plasma urea is a useful indicator of protein status in growing-finishing pigs

Dietary Amino Acid Utilization for Body Protein Deposition — Current and Future Research

In modern pork production it is important to maximize the animal’s potential for daily lean gain by increasing the body protein deposition with as little wastage of the ingested amino acids as possible. Therefore, it is important to maximize the efficiency with which dietary amino acids are used for protein deposition or lean gain. This efficiency is measured by using nitrogen balance studies or comparative slaughter procedures. Supplementing swine diets with crystalline amino acids and replacing part of the dietary protein can reduce diet cost and will also reduce the amount of nitrogen excreted in manure. However, it has been demonstrated that the efficiency of utilization of crystalline amino acids may be lower than that of amino acids bound in protein. Although the reasons for this are unclear, it may be associated with the frequency of feeding and differences in the rate of absorption between the two sources of amino acids. Research in progress is designed to investigate the efficiency with which crystalline lysine is utilized for protein deposition in nursery pigs. This research will obtain additional information about the relative utilization of crystalline and protein-bound amino acids

Estimating rail transport costs for grain and fertilizer

Agricultural Experiment Stations of Alaska, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.Includes bibliographical references (page 24)

Economics of alternative coal transportation and distribution systems in Iowa

Iowa coal users consumed approximately 7.9 million tons of coal in 1976. Consumption of coal in Iowa is expected to climb to about 16.1 million tons by 1980. Only 540,000 tons of Iowa coal were mined in 1976. Iowa coal production continues to decline in a period of increasing demand.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/specialreports/1077/thumbnail.jp

NUTRIENTS IN RUNOFF FOLLOWING THE APPLICATION OF SWINE MANURE TO INTERRILL AREAS

The P content of swine manure can be reduced through the addition of feed supplements or the use of selected corn hybrids. This study was conducted to compare interrill runoff losses of P and N from three soils following the application of swine manure obtained from selected diets. The soils used in this investigation included a Hersh sandy loam, Pierre silty clay, and Sharpsburg silt loam. Simulated rainfall was applied during both initial and wet runs to a soil pan on which swine manure produced from low phytate corn (LPC), phytase added to the diet (PHY), or a traditional corn diet (TCD) was added. Additional experimental treatments included inorganic fertilizer and an untreated check. For the initial rainfall simulation run, concentrations of dissolved P, bioavailable P, and Total P were greater for the fertilizer treatment than any of the manure treatments. Use of manure from a LPC diet generally did not result in a reduction in N and P concentrations in runoff when compared with the TCD. Concentrations and total amounts of nutrients transported in runoff were affected by soil type. Changing the TCD to LPC and PHY diets to reduce the P content of manure did not significantly affect the total amounts of DP, BAP, or Total P transported in runoff, when simulated rainfall was applied soon after manure application

Body Composition, Protein Deposition, and Efficiency of Lysine Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline or Protein-Bound Lysine

Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (0.55% lysine) and diets containing 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either soybean meal (SBM) or L-lysine•HCl (crystalline). Body protein concentration was greater (P \u3c 0.01) in pigs fed the 0.75% crystalline- supplemented diet than in pigs fed SBM at the same concentration. Gilts had greater (P = 0.05) body lysine concentration than barrows. Body PD and lysine deposition increased linearly with dietary lysine concentration (P \u3c 0.01), but were not different between the two sources of lysine (SBM vs crystalline, respectively) at the same concentration. Barrows and gilts had similar PD and lysine deposition. Body fat concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) as the dietary lysine concentration increased for both lysine sources; however, fat deposition was not affected by diet. Water deposition increased with dietary lysine concentration (P = 0.05). Body ash content was similar in pigs fed crystalline or SBM-lysine. The results suggest that PD of growing pigs fed lysine from SBM is similar to that of pigs fed crystalline lysine. Pigs fed 0.75% or 0.85% total lysine (0.20% or 0.30% from SBM) had greater (P \u3c 0.05) efficiency of lysine utilization than pigs fed crystalline-supplemented diets at the same concentration. Gilts utilized lysine from SBM more efficiently than barrows (P \u3c 0.05) at the dietary lysine concentration of 0.75 and 0.85%. The results indicate no significant differences in PD of pigs fed supplemented diets from L-lysine•HCl and soybean meal. However, it appears that the efficiency of lysine utilization of gilts fed diets supplemented with SBM-bound lysine is greater than that of barrows. Supplementing low-protein diets with crystalline amino acids at adequate concentrations can offer environmental benefits towards reducing nitrogen excretion without affecting protein deposition

Body Composition, Protein Deposition, and Efficiency of Lysine Utilization of Growing Pigs Fed Crystalline or Protein-Bound Lysine

Two 4-week experiments were conducted to determine body composition and lysine utilization for protein deposition (PD) in barrows and gilts. Thirty-two growing pigs (16 barrows and 16 gilts; average initial body weight of 40.4 lb) were used in each experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of seven dietary treatments. Four pigs (two barrows and two gilts) were killed at the start and the remaining pigs were killed at the end of the experiments to determine body composition. There were two replications per treatment in each experiment for a total of four replications. Dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet (0.55% lysine) and diets containing 0.65, 0.75, and 0.85% lysine that were achieved by adding lysine to the basal diet from either soybean meal (SBM) or L-lysine•HCl (crystalline). Body protein concentration was greater (P \u3c 0.01) in pigs fed the 0.75% crystalline- supplemented diet than in pigs fed SBM at the same concentration. Gilts had greater (P = 0.05) body lysine concentration than barrows. Body PD and lysine deposition increased linearly with dietary lysine concentration (P \u3c 0.01), but were not different between the two sources of lysine (SBM vs crystalline, respectively) at the same concentration. Barrows and gilts had similar PD and lysine deposition. Body fat concentration decreased (P \u3c 0.01) as the dietary lysine concentration increased for both lysine sources; however, fat deposition was not affected by diet. Water deposition increased with dietary lysine concentration (P = 0.05). Body ash content was similar in pigs fed crystalline or SBM-lysine. The results suggest that PD of growing pigs fed lysine from SBM is similar to that of pigs fed crystalline lysine. Pigs fed 0.75% or 0.85% total lysine (0.20% or 0.30% from SBM) had greater (P \u3c 0.05) efficiency of lysine utilization than pigs fed crystalline-supplemented diets at the same concentration. Gilts utilized lysine from SBM more efficiently than barrows (P \u3c 0.05) at the dietary lysine concentration of 0.75 and 0.85%. The results indicate no significant differences in PD of pigs fed supplemented diets from L-lysine•HCl and soybean meal. However, it appears that the efficiency of lysine utilization of gilts fed diets supplemented with SBM-bound lysine is greater than that of barrows. Supplementing low-protein diets with crystalline amino acids at adequate concentrations can offer environmental benefits towards reducing nitrogen excretion without affecting protein deposition