An Investigation of Broadband Current Preamplification for Obtaining Simultaneous High-Resolution Energy and Time Information from Nuclear Radiation Detectors

In beginning the investigation of low noise current preamplification, noise-performance limitations of existing broadband current-amplifying stages are considered. Dominant noise sources of the general, shuntfeedback amplifier stage having both bipolar and field-effect transistor input devices are discussed. This discussion includes the reasons why optimum noise performance from this amplifier stage requires unavoidable signal integration. The integrating shunt-feedback configuration is commonly known as the charge-sensitive preamplifier. Criteria are developed for differentiating the output voltage pulse of the charge-sensitive preamplifier without degrading the signal-to-noise ratio. Subsequently, a new broadband, shunt-feedback amplifier is described having a current gain equal to the ratio of an RC feedback impedance to an RC load impedance. The value of the feedback resistance and capacitance can be made equal to that of conventional charge-sensitive preamplifiers. Basically, the configuration is similar to that of a charge-sensitive preamplifier, since a charge-proportional signal is present within the feedback network. However, differentiation is performed by the feedback network to allow a broadband current transfer function. The stage has a large bandwidth capability with linearity and noise performance comparable to that of the conventional charge-sensitive configuration. Equations predicting the bandwidth, input and output impedances, and noise-performance are derived. Also criteria are established for achieving the desired linearity and for cascading stages to achieve large current gains To facilitate experiments involving linear gating of the amplified detector current pulse, a review of related technology is presented and a simple Rte filter for use in a gated system is discussed. A three-stage preamplifier having a current gain of 8000 was constructed to experimentally verify the predicted preamplifier performance characteristics. Energy resolution experiments performed with a Ge(Li) semiconductor detector yielded noise line widths as low as 2.35 key FWHM for the integrated current output shaped by a 1.6 microsecond time constant RC-RC filter. The noise line width measured for the gated current pulse shaped by the RLC filter was 2.70 kev FWHM compared to 2.76 key FWHM obtained, without gating, from a 0.4 microsecond RC-RC filter having the same center frequency as the RLC filter. The preamplifier was not optimized for minimum noise line width. Leading edge timing experiments were performed with a 60Co gammaray source using Naton 136 as the detector for the standard timing channel. With the test channel consisting of the three-stage preamplifier coupled to a 1.7 cc. planar diode, a timing uncertainty of 1.6 x 10-9 seconds FWHM for a 13.3 to 1 dynamic energy range was measured. With a 34.1 cc true coacial Ge(Li) detector in the test channel, the timing uncertainty was 3.3 x 10-9 seconds FWHM for a 7.8 to 1 dynamic energy range. Rise times as low as 7 x 10-9 seconds were measured with the 9 x 10-12 farad planar detector connected to the preamplifier

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

The LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software

The LHCb upgrade I

International audienceThe LHCb upgrade represents a major change of the experiment. The detectors have been almost completely renewed to allow running at an instantaneous luminosity five times larger than that of the previous running periods. Readout of all detectors into an all-software trigger is central to the new design, facilitating the reconstruction of events at the maximum LHC interaction rate, and their selection in real time. The experiment's tracking system has been completely upgraded with a new pixel vertex detector, a silicon tracker upstream of the dipole magnet and three scintillating fibre tracking stations downstream of the magnet. The whole photon detection system of the RICH detectors has been renewed and the readout electronics of the calorimeter and muon systems have been fully overhauled. The first stage of the all-software trigger is implemented on a GPU farm. The output of the trigger provides a combination of totally reconstructed physics objects, such as tracks and vertices, ready for final analysis, and of entire events which need further offline reprocessing. This scheme required a complete revision of the computing model and rewriting of the experiment's software