Biochemical indicators of sports achievements in highly qualified wrestlers

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes

DNA import competence and mitochondrial genetics

Aim. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying mitochondrial competence for DNA uptake and to exploit these pathways for the development of in vivo models of gene therapy. Methods. DNA uptake into isolated mitochondria from plant or from mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective for mitochondrial proteins and carriers, biochemical approaches and transfection of mammalian cells with DNA bound to mitochondriotropic liposomes. Results. Special focus on the inner membrane showed the involvement of isoforms of the adenine nucleotide translocator and the contribution of proteins controlling mitochondrial morphology in DNA uptake into yeast organelles. Transfection assays led to significant incorporation of a mitochondrial construct into mammalian cells and expression of a marker gene. Conclusions. The data imply that there are multiple mitochondrial DNA import pathways. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest that mitochondriotropic liposomes can deliver DNA to mitochondria in live mammalian cells.Мета. Визначити механізми поглинання ДНК мітохондріями і використати їх для удосконалення існуючих моделей генної терапії in vivo. Методи. Поглинання ДНК ізольованими мітохондріями рослин або мітохондріями мутантних ліній Saccharomyces cerevisiae, дефектних за мітохондріальними білками та переносниками, біохімічні підходи і трансфекція в клітини ссавців ДНК, зв’язаної з мітохондріотропними ліпосомами. Результати. Основним підсумком вивчення внутрішньої мембрани виявилося встановлення того факта, що до процесу перенесення ДНК дріжджовими органелами залучені кілька ізоформ аденіннуклеотидтранслокази, а також білки, які контролюють мітохондріальну морфологію. В експериментах з трансфекції ДНК у клітини ссавців виявлено вбудовування в них мітохондріальної конструкції і експресію маркерного гена. Висновки. Отримані дані дозволяють припустити існування декількох механизмів імпорту ДНК у мітохондрії. Проте є попередні результати, які показують, що мітохондріотропні ліпосоми можуть бути використані для доставки ДНК у мітохондрії клітин ссавців in vivo.Цель. Выяснить механизмы поглощения ДНК митохондриями и использовать их для усовершенствования существующих моделей генной терапии in vivo. Методы. Поглощение ДНК изолированными митохондриями растений или митохондриями мутантных линий Saccharomyces cerevisiae, дефектных по митохондриальным белкам и переносчикам, биохимические подходы и трансфекция в клетки млекопитающих ДНК, связанной с митохондриотропными липосомами. Результаты. Основным итогом изучения внутренней мембраны оказалось установление того факта, что в процесс переноса ДНК дрожжевыми органеллами вовлечены несколько изоформ адениннуклеотидтранслоказы, а также белки, контролирующие митохондриальную морфологию. В экспериментах по трансфекции ДНК в клетки млекопитающих выявлены встраивание в них митохондриальной конструкции и экспрессию маркерного гена. Выводы. Полученные данные позволяют предположить существование нескольких механизмов импорта ДНК в митохондрии. Однако есть предварительные результаты, показывающие, что митохондриотропные липосомы могут быть использованы для доставки ДНК в митохондрии клеток млекопитающих in vivo

DNA import competence and mitochondrial genetics

Aim. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying mitochondrial competence for DNA uptake and to exploit these pathways for the development of in vivo models of gene therapy. Methods. DNA uptake into isolated mitochondria from plant or from mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective for mitochondrial proteins and carriers, biochemical approaches and transfection of mammalian cells with DNA bound to mitochondriotropic liposomes. Results. Special focus on the inner membrane showed the involvement of isoforms of the adenine nucleotide translocator and the contribution of proteins controlling mitochondrial morphology in DNA uptake into yeast organelles. Transfection assays led to significant incorporation of a mitochondrial construct into mammalian cells and expression of a marker gene. Conclusions. The data imply that there are multiple mitochondrial DNA import pathways. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest that mitochondriotropic liposomes can deliver DNA to mitochondria in live mammalian cells

Drug Safety for Children — International Monitoring Data for 50 Years

The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR)  in children, information about which was received in 1968–2018 in the International database VigiBase (Uppsala monitoring center, UMC).  Of the  18.4 million Individual Safety Case Reports (ICSR)  received over  50 years by VigiBase, 1.47 million ICSR contain information on the  safety of pharmacotherapy in patients under the  age of 18,  including: 34 510  reports contain information on ADR  in children under the  age  of 27 days, 415  678  — in children aged  28 days  to 23 months, 613 676 — aged 2 to 11 years and 405 202 ICSR — in patients aged 12 to 17 years inclusive. During 2018  141 655 ICSR ADR of children in VigiBase was received. The most common reason for submitting reports on adverse effects in children was vaccines, antibiotics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics-antipyretics, anti-acne and valproic acid. The most common side effects of drugs in children were the following ADR: hyperthermia, rash, vomiting, nausea, urticaria, diarrhea, itching, headache, erythema at injection site, convulsion. Separate data on 6 age groups about 10 most frequent ADR in children and  about 10 medicines which ICSR most often arrived in VigiBase for 50 years and for 2018  are given