Morpho-Syntactic Expansions in Translation from English into Slovenian as a Prototypical Response to the Complexity of the Original

This work deals with the morpho-syntactic expansions which occur in translation from English into Slovenian, proceeding from the assumption that such expansions are the most common, "prototypical" response of the translator when faced by an original containing grammatically complex structures.</P

Contrasting requirements during disease evolution identify EZH2 as a therapeutic target in AML

This study demonstrates that EZH2 has stage-specific and diametrically opposite roles during the induction and maintenance stages of AML. However, different transcriptional programs are affected at each stage, identifying mutant EZH2 as a prognostic marker and paradoxically wild-type EZH2 as a potential therapeutic targetThe Huntly laboratory is funded by CRUK (Programme C18680/A25508), ERC (Grant 647685 COMAL), KKLF, MRC, Bloodwise, the Wellcome Trust (WT) and the Cambridge NIHR BRC. F.B. is a recipient of a Wellcome Trust PhD for Clinicians award. P.G. is funded by the Wellcome Trust (109967/Z/15/Z). We acknowledge the WT/MRC centre grant (097922/Z/11/Z) and support from WT strategic award 100140. Research in the laboratory is also supported by core funding from Wellcome and MRC to the Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute. We are grateful to Chiara Cossetti, Gabriela Grondys-Kotarba and Reiner Schulte at the CIMR Flow Cytometry Core for their invaluable help and advice with cell sorting. This research was supported by the Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub. Patient samples were received from the UK NCRI AML trials. The authors declare no competing financial interests

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

Morpho-Syntactic Expansions in Translation from English into Slovenian as a Prototypical Response to the Complexity of the Original

This work deals with the morpho-syntactic expansions which occur in translation from English into Slovenian, proceeding from the assumption that such expansions are the most common, "prototypical" response of the translator when faced by an original containing grammatically complex structures.</P

Olga Mišeska Tomić: Generative syntax in theory and practice/ “Kiril I Metodij” University, Skopje 1978/

The book Generative Syntax in Theory and Practice has been con­ ceived primarily as a text book for undergraduae and graduate students, whose aim is to introduce.them to one of the most influ­ ential and controversial theories of grammar developed in recent time, the generative transformational theory

Oblikoslovno-skladenjske razširitve kot strukturne spremembe pri prevajanju

Due to differences in the source language (SL) and target language (TL) systems and differences in SL and TL usage norms, as well as some other factors related to the SL text, the translator and the receiver of the TL text, original structures often undergo structural changes in the process of translation.V prispevku obravnavamo oblikoslovno-skladenjske razširitve, ki nastajajo v okviru povedi pri prevajanju iz angleščine v slovenščino. - Oblikoslovno- skladenjsko razširitev definiramo kot vsak tisti prevod prevodne enote PE, ki je oblikoslovno-skladenjsko bolj ekspliciten kot dana prevodna enota PE. Na podlagi razčlembe zbranega gradiva ugotavljamo skladenjske in pomenske značilnosti izvornih zgradb, ki se v prevodu oblikoslovno-skladenjsko razširijo, ter relativno pogostnost oblikoslovno-skladenjskih razširitev različnih vrst izvornih zgradb. Razčlemba je pokazala, da se razširjajo tako besedne zveze kot stavki, v vlogi besednozveznih in stavčnih členov, da pa se nekatere vrste izvornih zgradb razširjajo razmeroma pogosteje kot druge. Zgradbe, ki so pogosteje podvržene tovrstnim strukturnim spremembam, so skladenjsko in pomensko (bolj) obrobne zgradbe ter skladenjsko reducirane zgradbe. Tako po pogostnosti razširitev izstopajo zgradbe v vlogi prislovnih določil in besednozveznih določil ter polstavčne zgradbe, ki nastanejo z redukcijo stavkov z osebno glagolsko obliko v povedku

Pronouns and the problem of reference in transformational grammar

The problem of reference is one of the main problems in transformational gram­ mar. It does not concern only the pronominalization and reflexivization rules (both transformational and interpretive) but also many other rules, such as, for instance, deletion rules, movement rules, etc. Inspite of its importance for transformational grammar as a whole the problem of reference is still largely unsolved. Attempts to deal with it have been only partially successful; several points still have to be explained before a complete solution can be found

Zaimki in problem reference v transformacijski slovnici

The problem of reference is one of the main problems in transformational gram­ mar. It does not concern only the pronominalization and reflexivization rules (both transformational and interpretive) but also many other rules, such as, for instance, deletion rules, movement rules, etc. Inspite of its importance for transformational grammar as a whole the problem of reference is still largely unsolved. Attempts to deal with it have been only partially successful; several points still have to be explained before a complete solution can be found.Članek obravnava problem reference s stališča dveh osnovnih teorij o zaimkih v okviru transformacijske slovnice, transformacijske in interpretativne. Avtor prikazuje in poskuša kritično ovrednotiti štiri različne pristope k temu problemu: pristop referencialnih indeksov, ki se je uveljavil v transformacijski teoriji o zaimkih, interpretativni pristop, ki tvori osnovo interpretativne teorije, t. i. "kontrapar" pristop in formalni pristop. Pristop referencialnih indeksov temelji na predpostavki, da je referenca označena v globinski strukturi stavkov s pomočjo referencialnih obeležij določenih leksikalnih enot. Po interpretativnem pristopu pa je referenca semantičen koncept in se določa s pomočjo semantičnih pravil interpretacije. Analiza teh dveh pristopov, ki sta v transformacijski slovnici sicer najbolj razširjena, je razkrila številne slabe strani tako prvega kot drugega pristopa. Pri tem ne gre le za posamezne konkretne primere pronominalizacije in refleksivizacije, ampak tudi za pomembno pomanjkljivost splošnejšega značaja. Niti pristop referencialnih indeksov, niti interpretativni pristop namreč ne vsebuje točne definicije pojma reference. Natančna opredelitev določenega pojma pa je vsekakor nujno potrebna, če naj uspešno rešujemo probleme, ki nastajajo v zvezi s tem pojmom. Pomanjkljivosti dveh zgoraj omenjenih pristopov so dovolj resne, da nastane vprašanje ali je pojem reference sploh relevanten za adekvatno teorijo o zaimkih. Da bi odgovorili na to vprašanje, smo analizirali dva pristopa, ki povsem zanikata pomen reference: pristop, v katerem je pojem reference nadomestil pojem "kontrapar" ("counterpart") in formalni pristop, po katerem je pogoj za pronominalizacijo in refleksivizacijo le formalna, ne pa tudi referencialna identičnost imenskih skupin. Ugotovili smo, da t. i. "kontrapar" pristop zaenkrat predstavlja le parcialen, čeprav obetajoč, poskus, da bi problem reference rešili z uvedbo nekega novega pojma. Formalni pristop pa tak kakršen je, ni sprejemljiv. Lahko torej zaključimo, da noben izmed obstoječih pristopov k problemu reference ni povsem zadovoljiv. Možnosti za ustreznejše reševanje tega problema vidimo bodisi v izpopolnjenem "kontrapar" pristopu, bodisi v novem pristopu, ki ga predlagamo v tem članku in ki upošteva tako formalno kot referencialno identičnost imenskih skupin. Adekvatna teorija o zaimkih namreč mora vključevati pojem reference oziroma odgovarjajoč nadomesten pojem, in ne more temeljiti izključno na formalni jezikovni strukturi

Morpho-syntactic expansions as structural changes in translation

Due to differences in the source language (SL) and target language (TL) systems and differences in SL and TL usage norms, as well as some other factors related to the SL text, the translator and the receiver of the TL text, original structures often undergo structural changes in the process of translation