Soil Pollution by Petroleum-Derived Substances and its Bioremediation: The Efect on Aphis fabae Scop. Infestation and Antioxidant Response in Vicia faba L.

In this study, the e ects of soil contamination with petroleum-derived substances (PDSs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) and its bioremediation using biopreparation ZB-01 on broad bean infestation by black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop., as well as on the antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (POD)) and antioxidant (non-protein thiols and proline) content in plant leaves, were determined. Results showed that after three years from the moment of soil contamination PDSs limited infestation of broad bean by A. fabae. However, the adverse e ects on aphids’ life cycles were not proven. The lowered infestation may result from the lower attractiveness of contaminated plants to pests. PDSs significantly a ected the activities of enzymes and the antioxidants content, with that e ect being diversified. The increased activity of SOD was found in plants exposed to diesel fuel, together with the lowest numbers of aphids accompanying it, which can suggest a certain role of the enzyme in pest response to the stress caused by this PDS. The ZB-01 biopreparation limited the adverse e ect of PDSs on the degree of broad bean plant infestation by A. fabae. Its influence on the antioxidant response was diversified. In the plants exposed to EO, changes in antioxidant response were reduced under the influence of ZB-01

Antioxidant responses of Triticum aestivum plants to petroleum-derived substances

Winter common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants were cultivated on petroleum products contaminated soils with and without using biopreparation ZB-01. We determined the impact of soil contamination with petrol, diesel fuel and engine oil on selected antioxidant enzymes and the levels of antioxidants in the leaves of winter wheat. The impact of petroleum products on selected morphological characteristics of the plants, levels of nutrients and heavy metals was also assessed. Winter wheat was relatively resistant to soil contamination with petroleum products, and did not show a significant impact on the morphological characteristics of the plants. The levels of nutrients and heavy metals in the plants depended on the type of pollutant and the analyzed component. Biopreparation ZB-01 generally resulted in an increase in calcium levels in the plants. The winter wheat plants growing in soil contaminated with engine oil were characterized by higher levels of zinc, lead, manganese and cadmium than the control plants. Biopreparation applied to the soil contaminated with petrol resulted in a slight increase in the levels of lead and zinc in the plants. The petroleum products affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the levels of antioxidants in the plants. The general markers of soil contaminated with diesel fuel and petrol were POD activity and proline levels. Use of the ZB-01 biopreparation caused an increase in the levels of proline and -SH groups and an increase in the levels of carbon and calcium in the plants and had no effect on the morphological characteristics of plants

Effect of petroleum-derived substances on life history traits of black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.) and on the growth and chemical composition of broad bean

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of various petroleum-derived substances, namely petrol, diesel fuel and spent engine oil, on life history traits and population dynamics of the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop. and on growth and chemical composition of its host plant Vicia faba L. Each substance was tested separately, using two concentrations (9 g kg−1 and 18 g kg−1). The experiment was conducted in four replications (four pots with five plants in each pot per treatment). Plants were cultivated in both control and contaminated soils. After six weeks from soil contamination and five weeks from sowing the seeds, observations of the effect of petroleum-derived substances on traits of three successive generations of aphids were conducted. Aphids were inoculated separately on leaves using cylindrical cages hermetically closed on both sides. Contamination of aphid occurred through its host plant. Results showed that all tested substances adversely affected A. fabae life history traits and population dynamics: extension of the prereproductive period, reduction of fecundity and life span, reduction of the population intrinsic growth rate. In broad bean, leaf, roots, and shoot growth was also impaired in most conditions, whereas nutrient and heavy metal content varied according to substances, their concentration, as well as plant part analysed. Results indicate that soil contamination with petroleum-derived substances entails far-reaching changes not only in organisms directly exposed to these pollutants (plants), but also indirectly in herbivores (aphids) and consequently provides information about potential negative effects on further links of the food chain, i.e., for predators and parasitoids

Effect of water extracts from Artemisia absinthium L. on feeding of selected pests and their response to the odor of this plant

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie oddziaływania wodnych wyciągów ze świeżej i suchej masy bylicy piołunu (Artemisia absinthium L.) na żerowanie wybranych szkodników roślin uprawnych. Ponadto przy użyciu olfaktometru zbadano ich reakcje na zapach wyżej wymienionej rośliny. Ocena intensywności żerowania oprzędzika pręgowanego (Sitona lineatus L.) została przeprowadzona poprzez mierzenie powierzchni wyżerek powodowanych przez imago. W przypadku mszycy grochowej (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) zbadano kontaktowe oddziaływanie wyciągów na śmiertelność osobników dorosłych i larw. Określając wpływ wyciągów z bylicy piołunu na stonkę ziemniaczaną (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) ustalono masę pokarmu zjedzonego przez dorosłe chrząszcze i larwy oraz zmiany masy ciała larw. W badaniach nad reakcją olfaktometryczną wspomnianych owadów wykorzystano szklany olfaktometr „Y-tube” w przypadku chrząszczy oprzędzika pręgowanego oraz stonki ziemniaczanej, natomiast w przypadku samic uskrzydlonych mszycy grochowej użyto 4-ramiennej areny olfaktometru. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wyciąg z suchej masy bylicy piołunu o stężeniu 10% w największym stopniu ograniczał żerowanie oprzędzików. Największą śmiertelność samic i larw mszycy grochowej odnotowano w obiektach, w których zastosowano wyciągi z suchej i świeżej masy o najwyższych stężeniach (odpowiednio 10% i 30%). Wyciąg ze świeżej masy o stężeniu 30% w największym stopniu przyczynił się do ograniczenia żerowania chrząszczy stonki ziemniaczanej, z kolei wyciąg sporządzony z suchej masy roślin o stężeniu 10% istotnie przyczynił się do zmniejszenia masy pokarmu zjedzonego przez larwy tego szkodnika. Badania z wykorzystaniem olfaktometru wykazały silną reakcję odstraszającą substancji zapachowych pochodzących od bylicy piołunu w stosunku do chrząszczy oprzędzików (samców i samic) i samców stonki ziemniaczanej.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water extracts from fresh and dry matter of Artemisia absinthium L. on the feeding of selected pests. Moreover their reactions on the smell of this plant by using the olfactometer were examined. Beetles feeding intensity assessment was carried out by measuring the surface of feeds caused by Sitona lineatus L. In the case of Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris contact poisoning on mortality of adults and larvae were tested. In determining the effect of extracts of A. absinthium L. on Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. food weight eaten by adult beetles and larvae and changes in larvae body weight were established. In studies on the olfactory reaction of above mentioned insects, for S. lineatus and L. decemlineata glass olfactometer "Y-tube" was used and for winged A. pisum females - 4-armed arena olfactometer. The results of the experiment showed that extract from dry matter of A. absinthium L. at concentration of 10% greatly reduced feeding of Sitona lineatus L. The highest mortality of A. pisum Harris was observed in objects in which extracts from dry and fresh matter of the highest concentrations (10% and 30% respectivelly) were applied. Extract from fresh matter in concentration of 30% made the greatest contribution to reduce feeding of L. decemlineata Say, while extract made from the dry matter at concentration of 10% significantly contributed to reduce the weight of food eaten by the larvae of this pest. Studies using the olfactometer showed a strong deterring reaction of odors derived from A. absinthium L. in relation to S. lineatus (both males and females) and males of L. decemlineata Say

The Long-Term Effect of Petroleum-Derived Substances and Their Bioremediation on the Host Plant (Vicia faba L.) and a Herbivore (Sitona spp.)

The present study assessed distant‐in‐time effects of soil contamination with petroleumderived substances (PDSs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) and their bioremediation using ZB‐01 biopreparation on the growth of broad bean, content of nutrients and heavy metals in plants, and feeding by imagines and larvae of Sitona spp. The results showed that even after 5 years from the moment of soil contamination by engine oil and diesel fuel, they negatively impacted the growth of broad bean plants. PDSs significantly modified the content of nutrients and generally increased the content of heavy metals in plant organs. These substances also negatively affected the feeding of adult Sitona spp., causing a reduction in the percentage of plants damaged by beetles, and a decrease in the surface of consumed areas on leaves. The ZB‐01 biopreparation had a generally positive effect on the morphological features of plants, and its effect on the content of nutrients and heavy metals was variable, depending on the type of contaminant, the analyzed metals or nutrients, and the involved part of the plant. The biopreparation also inhibited the adverse effect of PDSs on the feeding by imago of Sitona spp

Effect of petroleum-derived substances on life history traits of bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and on the growth and chemical composition of winter wheat

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of various petroleum-derived substances (PDSs), namely petrol, diesel fuel, and spent engine oil, on life history traits of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L., and on the growth and chemical composition of its host plant—winter wheat Triticum aestivum L. Each substance was tested separately, using two concentrations (9 and 18 g kg−1). Plants were cultivated in both control and contaminated soils. In early October 2013, soil was contaminated and after 1 week, winter wheat seeds, ‘Batuta’ cultivar, were sown. In early June 2014, observations of the effect of petroleum-derived substances on traits of three successive generations of aphids were conducted. Aphids were inoculated separately on leaves using cylindrical cages hermetically closed on both sides. Contamination of aphid occurred through its host plant. Results showed that all of the applied petroleum-derived substances have a generally adverse effect on the developmental parameters in aphids, resulting in the decrease of its fecundity, shortening its average life span, and most often lowering of the population intrinsic growth rate. PDSs caused the limitation of growth in wheat plants; whereas, changes in nutrient contents and heavy metals depended on the part of the plant analysed, the substance applied, and on its dose. The negative relationships between the contents of both some macro-elements (Ca, K, P) and heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Cu, and Zn) and the developmental parameters of particular generations of R. padi were observed. The high susceptibility of R. padi to the presence of PDSs in the substrate for the host plant should be emphasised—the clear-cut changes in the life span and fecundity, with relatively small changes in the chemical composition of the plant, constitute an evident indication that the developmental parameters of aphids have the potential for the use as bio-indicator to evaluate the state of the environment contaminated by PDSs

Time-delayed effect of petroleum-derived products in soil and their bioremediation on plant - herbivore interaction

The aim of the study was to determine the time-delayed (after three years from the moment of soil pollution) effect of petroleum-derived products (PDPs) (petrol, diesel fuel and used engine oil) on the interaction between selected host plant (broad bean) and a herbivorous insect closely related to it (Sitona spp.). We assessed the condition of the plant exposed to pollutants (i.e. its growth and chemical composition), then we evaluated the attractiveness of the plant for both larvae and adults of the insect. The evaluation covered also the effect of bioremediation by using ZB-01 biopreparation. The results showed that after 3 years from soil contamination, engine oil and diesel fuel limited the feeding of adult sitona weevils while petrol caused increase in the attractiveness of plants for these insects. The PDPs negatively affected the growth of plants. The changes in element content depended on the type of pollutant. The biopreparation ZB-01 eliminated or reduced the differences caused by the presence of PDPs in the soil regarding the chemical composition of the host plant, and limited feeding by both the larvae and adult individuals of sitona weevils. The negative relationships between the contents of both some macroelements (Mg, S) and heavy metals (Zn, Ni), and feeding of imago of Sitona were observed. The obtained results indicate that PDPs remain for a long time in the environment and adversely affect not only the organisms directly exposed to the pollution – plants growing on polluted soil but also further links of the trophic chain, i.e. herbivores

The effect of petroleum-derived substances and their bioremediation on soil enzymatic activity and soil invertebrates

Petroleum-derived substances (PDSs) as main pollutants of the natural environment can negatively affect the microbiological, biochemical, and biological properties of agricultural soils and, consequently, plant production. The present study aimed to determine the after-effect of PDSs such as petrol, used engine oil, and diesel fuel on the activity of selected soil enzymes (phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and urease) and on the occurrence of soil invertebrates. Moreover, changes in the analyzed parameters in response to bioremediation of the polluted soil by using ZB-01 preparation were investigated. The field experiments were performed four- and five-years post contamination. The results showed that even after five years, PDSs significantly modified the activity of soil enzymes; however, this effect was often varied, depending on the pollutant, enzyme, and time after soil contamination. Dehydrogenase seems to be a good indicator of soil contamination with PDSs, particularly diesel fuel. Engine oil and diesel fuel limited still the occurrence of soil invertebrates, particularly Collembola from the families Hypogastruidae, Isotomidae, and Entomobryidae, even after four and five years of contamination. This finding suggests the usefulness of these organisms in assessing soil pollution and in monitoring the progress of bioremediation. The effect of ZB-01 biopreparation on the activity of selected enzymes was varied. Its effect on the occurrence of soil invertebrates was usually beneficial, which was evident in diesel fuel-contaminated soil

The Subsequent Effects of Soil Pollution by Petroleum Products and Its Bioremediation on the Antioxidant Response and Content of Elements in Vicia faba Plants

Petroleum-derived substances (PDSs), which are one of the most significant sources of energy, have become key factors that affect soils and, consequently, plants. The aim of this study was to determine the subsequent effects of soil contamination by PDSs such as petrol (P), diesel fuel (DF) and used engine oil (EO), in addition to its bioremediation using a ZB-01 biopreparation, on the activities of antioxidising enzymes as well as on the content of antioxidants in the leaves of Vicia faba L. The effects on the growth of the plants and their chemical composition were also determined. The results showed that as many as five years after contamination, engine oil and diesel fuel adversely affected the growth of plants. PDSs caused a significant increase in the activity of peroxidase and an increase in the content of proline. The contamination of the soil with oils (EO and DF) resulted in a decrease in the content of nutrients (Ca, Mg and P) in the plants. DF also decreased the content of K and N while EO decreased the content of Fe. PDSs also increased the content of lead and cadmium, and some resulted in a decrease in the content of zinc, manganese and copper. The ZB-01 biopreparation generally had a beneficial effect on the growth of plants, and contributed to a lowering of the activities of the analysed antioxidative enzymes as well as the content of antioxidants in plants in the soil that had been contaminated with diesel fuel. Furthermore, it most often caused an increase in the nutrient levels in the leaves of plants. The effect of the ZB-01 biopreparation on the content of heavy metals varied and was dependent on the specific contaminant and metal that were analysed

The diversity of the environment in Poland

The purpose of this paper is to present the Polish environment. The order system has been shown to provinces according to environmental degradation and measures to protect it. With it you can see the differences and span that divide the different province. For the analysis of the environment Hellwig method has been applied. The work consists of six chapters. The first four are theoretical knowledge about the Polish and the environment in the various provinces. In the fifth chapter research method used in the work is concluded, while the last chapter there is a presentation of the results. The study shows that the most polluted environment occurs in śląskie and mazowieckie areas. Actions to protect the environment are carried out in the following areas: śląskie, wielkopolskie, dolnośląskie, małopolskie, mazowieckie, opolskie and zachodniopomorskie