Relational Database schema normalization

U ovom radu opisani su temeljni pojmovi o relacijskom modelu podataka. Opisane su normalne forme: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF i 6NF. Najveća pažnja je dana 3NF koja je od praktične važnosti te je obrađen algoritam 3NF. Ovaj algoritam je važan jer omogućuje očuvanje zavisnosti i informacija unutar relacijske sheme (R, F) koja se transformira u shemu relacijske baze podataka koja je unutar 3NF. Navedeni su razlozi motivacije za normalizacijom podataka kao i za odustajanjem od normalizacije. Opisani su koraci algoritma sinteze 3NF te primjena algoritma na pomno odabranom praktičnom primjeru kao i SQL implementacija istoga

Relational Database schema normalization

U ovom radu opisani su temeljni pojmovi o relacijskom modelu podataka. Opisane su normalne forme: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF i 6NF. Najveća pažnja je dana 3NF koja je od praktične važnosti te je obrađen algoritam 3NF. Ovaj algoritam je važan jer omogućuje očuvanje zavisnosti i informacija unutar relacijske sheme (R, F) koja se transformira u shemu relacijske baze podataka koja je unutar 3NF. Navedeni su razlozi motivacije za normalizacijom podataka kao i za odustajanjem od normalizacije. Opisani su koraci algoritma sinteze 3NF te primjena algoritma na pomno odabranom praktičnom primjeru kao i SQL implementacija istoga

Prognostičko značenje ekspresije proteina Cox-2 u bolesnica s rakom dojke

The present thesis analyses data on 150 female patients who started their breast cancer treatment at the Oncological Surgery Department, University Hospital for Tumors between 1995 and 1997. The patients are divided in three groups, according to the tumor differentiation, and each group includes 50 patients with well, moderately and poorly differentiated tumors, respectively. All patients were diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. In time of diagnosis none of patients had distant metastases. The following clinical and patohistological factors were analyzed: age, clinical stage, tumor differentiation grade, tumor size, lymph node status, hormone receptor status, and method of treatment. Cox-2 protein expression was studied using immunohistochemical method, and the tumor cell DNA content was analyzed with flow cytometer. The disease course was followed up until the end of 2004. Fifty-nine (39.3%) of patients followed up during the period 1995-2004 developed metastases, of which 54 patients (91.5%) died and 5 (8.5%) survived until the end of the study period. The aim of the study was to determine expression of Cox-2 protein in primary breast tumors, and establish association between the Cox-2 expression in breast cancer cells and an outcome of therapy and its relation to other prognostic factors, to analyze relation between the Cox-2 expression and the flow cytometry results as an indicator of proliferating tumor, and different Cox-2 expressions in patients with moderately differentiated tumors related to the disease course. The study results show that the well differentiated tumors were statistically significantly smaller in size (P<0,001), metastases spread on a smaller number of lymph nodes (P=0,002), and the estrogen receptors were positive in more cases (P=0,02). No statistically significant difference was determined for metastasizing and survival relation to the tumor grade by either univariate or multivariate analyses. However, the tumor size and lymph node status have proven as prognostically significant in both univariate and multivariate analyses (P=0,049). Patients with negative estrogen receptors developed distant metastases faster (P=0,023), while in patients with negative progesterone receptors no statistically significant difference in development of metastases was recorded (P=0,054). Univariate analysis of hormone receptors and overall survival showed that, statistically, survival time of patients with negative estrogen (P=0,032) and progesterone receptors (P=0,027) is significantly shorter. The multivariate analysis of hormone receptors also showed statistically significant poor survival of patients with negative estrogen receptors as compared to the patients with positive receptors (P=0,049). Tumor analysis with flow cytometry showed that, statistically, the patients with lower tumor grade had significantly more diploid tumors (P<0,001) and tumors with lower proliferating S phase (P<0,001). Neither univariate nor multivariate analysis of metastasis development and survival showed statistically significant difference between the patients with diploid vs. aneuploid tumors or between the patients with lower vs. higher proliferation rate. Cox-2 protein positive tumor cells were presented by granular cytoplasm staining. In our study, 65 patients (43.3%) were Cox-2 positive. Analysis of Cox-2 protein expression and tumor grade revealed a statistically significant difference in Cox-2 expression in patients with different tumor grades (P=0,018), while no statistically significant difference was found by analyses of relations between Cox-2 expression and tumor size, and Cox-2 and lymph node status. The study shows that the Cox-2 positive tumors are prevalently aneuploid and the Cox-2 negative tumors are more frequently diploid (P=0,031). The study does not show interrelation between elevated Cox-2 expression and tumor proliferation rate (S phase) measured with the flow cytometer. The study also did not detect a difference in Cox-2 protein expression depending on tumor hormone receptor status. Analysis of association of Cox-2 expression with development of metastases and survival (univariate and multivariate analysis) showed no statistically significant difference between the Cox-2 negative and positive patients. The study indicates that Cox-2 protein expression in the breast cancer patients is increased. In most cases Cox-2 was increased in patients with moderately differentiated tumors. However, the study did not confirm a prognostic value of Cox-2 protein

Mukokela u bolesnice s recidivom karcinoma dojke - prikaz slučaja i pregled literature

Mucocele or cystic distention of the appendix is a rare entity found in only 0.25% of all appendectomies and 8% of all appendicular tumors. We report a case of a 68-year-old female patient in whom asymptomatic mucocele was found at abdominal CT imaging a month after excision of recurrent invasive ductal carcinoma to the right pectoral region, and 26 years after modifed radical mastectomy. After adequate preoperative treatment, a right hemicolectomy was performed with the final pathology of mucocele of the appendix.Mukokela, odnosno cistično proširenje apendiksa rijetka je pojava koja se pronalazi u samo 0,25 % apendektomija, te čini samo 8 % svih tumora crvuljka. Prikazujemo slučaj 68-godišnje pacijentice kod koje je asimptomatska mukokela pronađena na CT-u abdomena mjesec dana nakon ekscizije recidiva duktalnog invazivnog karcinoma desne pektoralne regije, 26 godina nakon modificirane radikalne mastektomije. Nakon odgovarajuće preoperativne obrade učinjena je desna hemikolektomija s konačnim patohistološkim nalazom mukokele apendiksa

Structure of and ion segregation to an alumina grain boundary: implications for growth and creep

Using periodic density-functional theory (DFT), we investigated the structure and cohesive properties of the �-alumina �11 tilt grain boundary, with and without segregated elements, as a model for the thermally grown oxide in jet engine thermal barrier coatings. We identified a new low-energy structure different from what was proposed previously based on electron microscopy and classical potential simulations. We explored the structure and energy landscape at the grain boundary for segregated Al, O, and early transition metals (TMs) Y and Hf. We predict that the TMs preferentially adsorb at the same sites as Al, while some adsites favored by O remain unblocked by TMs. All segregated atoms have a limited effect on grain boundary adhesion, suggesting that adhesion energies alone cannot be used for predictions of creep inhibition. These findings provide some new insights into how TM dopants affect alumina growth and creep kinetics. I

DAS VERHALTNIS VON GESELLSCHAFTSSTATUS UND DEN GRUNDDIMENSIONEN DER PERSONLICHKEIT

Radom se pokušala utvrditi povezanost društvenog statusa i dimenzija ličnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na 2432 ispitanika starosti između 18 i 76 godina. Nakon zasebne faktorizacije pokazatelja društvenog statusa i ličnosti, izlučene temeljne dimenzije međusobno su korelirane na cijelom uzorku, muškom i ženskom poduzorku te dobno definiranim poduzorcima. Pokazalo se kako društveni status koji pojedinac ima tek u manjoj mjeri utječe na njegovu ličnost. Kvalifikacijski status negativno je povezan s autoritarnim konformizmom, dimenzijom koja se prema Eyseneku nalazi u prostoru društvenih stavova, a prema modelu Big Five najbliskija je zatvorenosti prema iskustvu. Niži materijalni status vjerojatno je odgovoran za veću količinu stresa kojemu je pojedinac izložen, što pridonosi većem stupnju tjeskobnosti i depresivnosti. Društveni status nije se pokazao značajno povezanim snesocijaliziranim, impulzivnim i agresivnim osobinama ličnosti, što je u suprotnosti s Eysenckovim pretpostavkama.In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the relationship between social status and personality dimensions. The survey was conducted on 2432 subjects aged 18-76. After separate factor analysis of social status and personality indicators was conducted, the extracted dimensions were correlated on the whole sample, male and female subsamples, and age-defined subsamples. The results indicate that social status has only a weak influence on personality. The negative relationship between educational status and authoritarian conformism has been established. According to Eysenck, this dimension belongs primarily to the domain of social altitudes, and in the Big Five model it is closest to the inverse of the openness to experience. Lower socioeconomical status is probably responsible for the larger amount of stressful events to which a person is exposed, which is a plausible explanation for the greater degree of anxiety and depression such a person is experiencing. No statistically significant relationship has been found between social status and unsocialised, impulsive and aggressive personality traits, which opposes Eysenck\u27s hypothesis.Yorliegende Arbeit versucht festzustellen, auf welche Weise gesellschaftlicher Status und Personlichkeitsdimensionen miteinander verbunden sind. Es wurde eine Untersuchung an 2432 Testpersonen im Alter zwischen 18 und 76 Jahren durchgefOhrt. Nach getrennter Faktorisierung der Gesichtspunkte des Gesellschaftsstatus und der Personlichkeitsdimension wurden die ausgesonderten Grunddimensionen miteinander korreliert: einmal far die gesamte Testgruppe, dann far die Untergruppen der mannlichen und weiblichen Testpersonen und schlie~lich fOr verschiedene Altersgruppen. Es zeigte sich, dar.. der gesellschaftliche Status des einzelnen lediglich geringfOgig auf seine Personlichkeit Einflu~ nimmt. Der Qualifikationsstatus steht in negativem Bezug zum autoritaren Konformismus, einer Dimension, die sich gemar.. Eysenck im Bereich gesellschaftsbezogener Einstellungen befindet, nach dem Big-Five-Modell wiederum einer Erfahrungsverschlossenheit am nachsten liegt. Ein niederer materieller Status ist vermutlich verantwortlich far eine hčihere Konzentration von Strefš, was zu vermehrter Beklommenheit und Depressivitat fOhrt. Es erwies sich, da~ der gesellschaftliche Status in keinem wesentlichen Bezug zu unsozialisierten, impulsiven und aggressiven Persčinlichkeitseigenschaften steht, was den Voraussetzungen Eysencks widerspricht. 100

A Model of Croatian Political Scene

Radom se testiraju različiti strukturalni modeli opažaja hrvatskoga političkoga prostora. Analiza kovarijantne strukture stavova prema najznačajnijim hrvatskim političkim strankama pokazala je da opažaj počiva na četiri temeljne latentne dimenzije, različite po svojoj prirodi i interkorelacijama na poduzorku visokoobrazovanih u usporedbi s poduzorkom osoba nižeg obrazovanja. Iako u oba slučaja temeljne dimenzije mogu biti prepoznate kao faktori stava prema lijevom, desnom, centralnom i regionalno usmjerenom dijelu političke pozornice, dobivena struktura ima znatno veću jasnoću i jednostavnost na uzorku visokoobrazovanih. Opažaj političkog prostora osoba nižeg obrazovanja bitno je složeniji, što vjerojatno treba pripisati ulozi nesubstancijalnih i idiosinkratičnih kriterija prilikom procjenjivanja stranaka.In the paper various structural models concerning perception of the Croatian political scene have been tested. Covariance structure analysis of the attitudes toward the most prominent Croatian political parties revealed that the perception is based on four escential latent dimensions, different according to the nature and mutual intercorrelations, among high educated compared to low educated persons. Although both analysis came up with four factors subsuming attitudes toward left, right, central and regional part of political scene, resulting structure is much more simple and clear for the subsample of high educated persons. The perception of the political scene among people of lower educational level is much more structurally complex, which is probably the result of using nonsubstantial and idiosyncratic criteria while evaluating particular political parties

Nova automatska metoda za poboljšanje točnosti fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u šumama

Accuracy of a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in a complex forest environment is critical and yet challenging for accurate forest inventory and management, disaster risk analysis, and timber utilization. Reducing elevation errors in photogrammetric DTM (DTMPHM), which present the national standard in many countries worldwide, is critical, especially for forested areas. In this paper, a novel automated method to detect the errors and to improve the accuracy of DTMPHM for the lowland forest has been presented and evaluated. This study was conducted in the lowland pedunculate oak forest (Pokupsko Basin, Croatia). The DTMPHM was created from three-dimensional (3D) vector data collected by aerial stereo-photogrammetry in combination with data collected from existing maps and field surveys. These data still present the national standard for DTM generation in many countries, including Croatia. By combining slope and tangential curvature values of raster DTMPHM, the proposed method developed in open source Grass GIS software automatically detected 91 outliers or 3.2% of the total number of source points within the study area. Comparison with a highly accurate LiDAR DTM confirmed the method efficiency. This was especially evident in two out of three observed subset areas where the root mean square error (RMSE) values decreased for 8% in one and 50% in another area after errors elimination. The method could be of great importance to other similar studies for forested areas in countries where the LiDAR data are not available.Digitalni model reljefa (DTM, engl. Digital Terrain Model) ima široku i važnu primjenu u mnogim djelatnostima, uključujući i šumarstvo. Međutim, precizno modeliranje terena, odnosno izrada DTM-a u šumama, bilo korištenjem terenskih metoda ili metoda daljinskih istraživanja, izazovan je i vrlo zahtjevan zadatak. U većini razvijenih zemalja svijeta, zračno lasersko skeniranje (ALS, engl. Airborne Laser Scanning) bazirano na LiDAR (engl. Light Detection and Ranging) tehnologiji trenutno predstavlja glavnu metodu za izradu DTM-a. Uslijed mogućnosti laserskog zračenja da penetrira kroz krošnje drveća, LiDAR tehnologija se pokazala kao efektivna i brza metoda za izradu DTM-a u šumskim područjima s vrlo velikom točnošću. Međutim, u mnogim zemljama svijeta, uključujući i Hrvatsku, zračno lasersko skeniranje nije u potpunosti provedeno, tj. samo su manji dijelovi zemlje pokriveni s podacima zračnog laserskog skeniranja. U tim slučajevima, DTM temeljen na stereo-fotogrametrijskoj izmjeri aerosnimaka potpomognut s terenskim podacima najčešće predstavlja glavni izvor informacija za izradu DTM-a. Poznato je da tako izrađen DTM u šumskim predjelima ima manju točnost od DTM-a dobivenog na temelju zračnog laserskog skeniranja zbog pokrivenosti terena vegetacijom. Također, u okviru nedavno provedenog istraživanja (Balenović i dr., 2018) utvrđeno je da takvi službeni fotogrametrijski digitalni podaci terena u šumskim predjelima sadrže određen broj tzv. grubih grešaka, koje mogu značajno utjecati na točnost izrađenog DTM-a. Nakon vizualnog detektiranja i manualnog uklanjanja tih pogrešaka, Balenović i dr. (2018) utvrdili su značajno poboljšanje točnosti fotogrametrijskog DTM-a.Stoga je glavni cilj ovoga rada razviti automatsku metodu za detekciju i eliminaciju vertikalnih pogrešaka u fotogrametrijskim digitalnim podacima terena te na taj način poboljšati točnost fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima Hrvatske. Ideja je razviti brzu, jednostavnu i učinkovitu metodu koja će biti primjenjiva i za druga šumska područja sličnih karakteristika, a za koja ne postoje DTM dobiven zračnim laserskim skeniranjem. Istraživanje je provedeno u nizinskim šumama na području gospodarske jedinice Jastrebarski lugovi, u neposrednoj blizini Jastrebarskog (Slika 1). Istraživanjem je obuhvaćena površina od 2.005,74 ha, na kojoj su u najvećoj mjeri zastupljene jednodobne sastojine hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.), a u ma­njoj mjeri jednodobne sastojine poljskog jasena (Fraxinus angustifolia L.) te jednodobne sastojine običnoga graba (Carpinus betulus L.). Nadmorska visina područja istraživanja kreće se u rasponu od 105 do 121 m.Fotogrametrijski DTM (DTMPHM) je izrađen iz digitalnih vektorskih podataka terena (prijelomnice, linije oblika, markantne točke terena i pravokutne mreže visinskih točaka) nabavljenih iz Državne geodetske uprave (Slika 2). Ti podaci predstavljaju nacionalni standard i jedini su dostupni podaci za izradu DTM-a u Hrvatskoj. Detaljan opis vektorskih podataka dan je u radu Balenović i dr. (2018). Prvo je iz digitalnih terenskih podataka izrađena nepravilna mreža trokuta, koja je potom linearnom interpolacijom pretvorena u rasterski DTMPHM prostorne rezolucije (veličine piksela) 0,5 m. Automatska metoda za detekciju i eliminaciju vertikalnih pogrešaka fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima razvijena je u slobodnom programskom paketu Grass GIS (Slika 3). Kombinacijom vrijednosti nagiba i tangencijalne zakrivljenosti terena rasterskog DTMPHM (Slika 4), automatskom metodom su detektirane 91 grube greške (engl. outliers). Drugim riječima, utvrđeno je da 91 točkasti vektorski objekt pogrešno prikazuje stvarnu visinu terena. Navedeni broj čini 3,2 % od ukupnog broja točkastih objekata korištenih za izradu DTMPHM-a. Nakon eliminacije detektiranih pogrešaka izrađen je novi, korigirani fotogrametrijski DTM (DTMPHMc). Za ocjenu vertikalne točnosti izvornog (DTMPHM) i korigiranog DTM-a (DTMPHMc) korišten je visoko precizni DTM dobiven zračnim laserskim skeniranjem (DTMLiD). U tu svrhu su izrađeni rasteri razlika između DTMPHM i DTMLiD, te između DTMPHMc i DTMLiD. Kako je preliminarnom analizom utvrđeno da vertikalne razlike između DTMPHM i DTMLiD nisu normalno distribuirane (Slika 5), za ocjenu točnosti su uz normalne mjere točnosti korištene i tzv. robusne mjere točnosti (Tablica 2). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na poboljšanje vertikalne točnosti fotogrametrijskog DTM-a primjenom razvijene automatske metode. To je posebice uočljivo na podpodručjima 2 i 3 (Slika 6 i 7) u kojima se nakon uklanjanja detektiranih grešaka, korijen srednje kvadratne pogreške (RMSE, engl. root mean square error) smanjio za 8 % odnosno 50 % (Tablica 2). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata i usporedbe s DTMLiD, može se zaključiti da predložena metoda uspješno detektira i eliminira vertikalne pogreške fotogrametrijskog DTM-a u nizinskim šumskim područjima, te slijedom toga poboljšava njegovu vertikalnu točnost