Obsah chemických pvkov v kozom mlieku, srvátke, syroch a jogurte z ekologickej a konvenčnej farmy

Milk and dairy products are an important part of the human diet for numerous reasons. Goat milk is higher in the content of elements such as K and Ca. Nowadays, consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products increases because of better digestion and therapeutic value. However, goat milk can contain heavy metals and trace elements as well which can harm human health. The content of 22 elements in sixty-nine samples of goat milk, whey, three types of cheese, and yogurt from the ecological farm in region Orava and conventional farm in region Stredné Považie in Slovakia was measured in this study. The highest concentration of four elements Ca, K, Mg, and Na in samples of goat products was found. In our study, significant statistical differences (P < 0.05) were found only in levels of K, Ca, Li and Na when comparing milk samples from organic and conventional farm. Concentrations of K (1260.50 mg/kg), Li (0.02 mg/kg) and Na (293.46 mg/kg) were higher in samples from ecological farm, while concentration of Ca (1344.65 mg/kg) was higher in samples from conventional farm. Toxic elements were present in trace amounts or under the limit of detection. The consumption of goat milk and goat dairy products from monitored farms can be considered as safe and beneficial for human health regardless of the way of farming. According to the highest level of strontium in hard ripening cheese, frequent regular consumption should be considered for children as a preventive measure for development of bone health.Mlieko a mliečne výrobky sú dôležitou zložkou v strave ľudí z viacerých dôvodov. Všetky typy mlieka sa skladajú z tých istých zložiek, ale ich množstvo je rozdielne. Kozie mlieko obsahuje vyššie množstvo draslíka a vápnika. V súčasnosti konzumácia ovčích mliečnych výrobkov stúpa kvôli ich ľahšej stráviteľnosti a terapeutickej hodnote, ktorá im je pripisovaná. Kozie mlieko a výrobky z neho avšak môžu v dôsledku environmentálneho znečistenia predstavovať aj zdroj ťažkých kovov, ktoré následne môžu pôsobiť nepriaznivo na ľudské zdravie. Obsah 22 prvkov v 69 vzorkách kozieho mlieka a výrobkov z neho bol stanovovaný v tejto štúdii. Vzorky pochádzali z ekologickej farmy z regiónu Orava a konvenčnej farmy, ktorá sa nachádza v regióne Stredné Považie. Najvyššie koncentrácie vo vzorkách kozích mliečnych produktov dosahovali prvky vápnik, draslík, horčík a sodík. Pri porovnaní vzoriek kozieho mlieka z ekologickej a konvenčnej farmy boli nájdené štatistické rozdiely (P < 0,05) len pri obsahu prvkov K, Ca, Li a Na. Vyššie koncentrácie prvkov draslíka (1260,50 mg/kg), lítia (0,02 mg/kg) a sodíka (293,46 mg/kg) sa našli vo vzorkách mlieka pochádzajúcich z ekologickej farmy, kým vyššia priemerná koncentrácia vápnika (1344,65 mg/kg) sa nachádzala vo vzorkách mlieka z konvenčnej farmy. Toxické prvky boli stanovené v stopových množstvách, alebo pod limitom detekcie. Na základe výsledkov môžeme považovať kozie mlieko a výrobky z neho z oboch fariem za bezpečné pre ľudskú spotrebu s možným priaznivým účinkom na zdravie bez ohľadu na spôsob hospodárenia. Častá a pravidelná konzumácia tvrdého zrejúceho syra malými deťmi je na zváženie, ako preventívne opatrenie podpory vývoja kostného zdravia, vzhľadom na najvyšší obsah stôp stroncia

The impact of calving season, dams’ parity on milk yield and gestation length of dairy cows

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-06 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.41-44The purpose of the study was to asses the effect of calving season and dams’ parity on milk yield and gestation length of dairy cows. We examined 93 animals of Slovak spotted breed from the farm located in western Slovakia (Lower Váh region), in years 2014-2017. The herds’ average 305-d milk yield was 8133±1380 kg. The calving season was divided into four categories: spring (March to May), summer (June to August), autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February). The factor of dams parity was divided into 4 groups: 1st parity cows, 2nd-3rd parity cows, 4th and higher parity cows. Calving season affected significantly milk yield of dairy cows (P 0.32). Dams’ parity was not significantly affected by 305-d milk yield (P > 0.22). Nevertheless, the animals on the 4th and higher lactation were numerically more productive (8481±259 kg) compared to the dairy cows on their 1st,2nd-3rd lactation (8123±264 kg; 7884±223 kg; resp.). The dams’ parity significantly affected gestation length (P < 0.02), with the shortest gestation length in 1st parity dams (278±2 days) and the longest gestation in 2nd-3rd parity dams (284±1 days).To sum up, our results suggest significant role of calving season in relation to milk yield and significant effect of dams’ parity on gestation length.Keywords:milk yield, gestation, calving season, parity, dairy cows ReferencesBARASH, H., SILANIKOVE, N. and WELLER, J. (1996). Effect of Season of Birth on Milk, Fat, and Protein Production of Israeli Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science, 79(6), 1016–1020.DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76453-6Ceyhan, A., Cinar, M. and Serbester, U. (2015). Milk yield, somatic cell count, and udder measurements in holstein cows at different lactation number and months. Media Peternakan, 38(2), 118–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.2.118DAHL, G. E. and PETITCLERC, D. (2003). Management of photoperiod in the dairy herd for improved production and health. Journal of Animal Science, 81(3), 11-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81suppl_311xDAHL, G. E., TAO, S. and MONTEIRO, A. P. A. (2016). Effects of late-gestation heat stress on immunity and performance of calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(4), 3193–3198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9990FROIDMONT, E. et al. (2013). Association between age at first calving, year and season of first calving and milk production in Holstein cows. Animal, 7(4), 665–672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001577MACIUC, V. 2009. Influence of the calving season on the milk yield given by a friesian population, imported from the Netherlands. Lucrări Ştiinţifice - Seria Zootehnie, 52(1), 340–344.Mellado, M. et al. (2011). Effect of lactation number, year, and season of initiation of lactation on milk yield of cows hormonally induced into lactation and treated with recombinant bovine somatotropin. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(9), 4524–4530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4152Mikláš, Š. et al. (2019a). Association of chosen environmental and animal factorswith gestation length and lactation of dairy cows in two Slovak herds. In Cerkal R. et al. (eds.) MendelNet 2019. Brno : Mendel University in Brno (pp. 153–157). ISBN 978-80-7509-688-3.Mikláš, Š. et al. (2019b). Effect of calving season and temperature at calving on the gestation length. In Tóthová, M. et al. (eds.) Scientific conference of PhD. students of FAFR and FBFS with international participation. Nitra: Slovak University of Agriculture (p. 20). ISBN 978-80-552-2083-3.Mikláš, Š. et al. (2020). The effect of dams‘ parity on milk yield, birth and weaning weight of their daughters. In Chrenek P. (ed.) Animal biotechnology 2020. Nitra: Slovak Agricultural University (p. 54). ISBN 978-80-552-2145-8NORMAN, H. D. et al. (2009). Genetic and environmental factors that affect gestation length 72 in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(2), 2259-2269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0982RAY, D. E., HALBACH, T. J. and ARMSTRONG, D. V. (1992). Season and Lactation Number Effects on Milk Production and Reproduction of Dairy Cattle In Arizona. Journal of Dairy Science, 75(11), 2976-2983.RIUS, A. G. and DAHL, G. E. (2006). Exposure to long-day photoperiod prepubertally may increase milk yield in first-lactation cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(6), 2080-2083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72277-9Storli, K. S., Heringstad B. and Salte R. (2014). Effect of dams' parity and age on daughters' milk yield in Norwegian Red cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(10), 6242-6249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8072Tančin, V., Mikláš, Š. and Mačuhová, L. (2018). Possible physiological and environmental factors affecting milk production and udder health of dairy cows: a review. Slovak journal of animal science. 51(1), 32-40.Tao, S. et al. (2019). PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Effects of heat stress during late gestation on the dam and its calf. Journal of Animal Science, 97(5), 2245–2257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz061TOMASEK, R., REZAC, P. and HAVLICEK, Z. (2017). Environmental and animal factors associated with gestation length in Holstein cows and heifers in two herds in the Czech Republic. Theriogenology, 87(1), 100-107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.08.009WRIGHT, E.C. et al. (2014). Effect of elevated ambient temperature at parturition on duration of gestation, ruminal temperature, and endocrine function of fall-calving beef cows. Journal of Animal Science, 92(10), 4449-4456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-805

Effect of season and temperature before and after calving on the future milk production of born heifers

Article Details: Received: 2020-06-30 | Accepted: 2020-10-15 | Available online: 2020-12-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.04.224-229The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of birth season, average maximum temperatures 6 weeks before and after birth of heifers on their first lactation milk yield. In chosen herd, the effect of birth weight, weight gain until weaning on first lactation milk yield was also investigated. Additionally, the effect of the average maximum temperatures before birth, effect of birth season on birth weight were evaluated. The data were collected from the herd “A” in Orava region consisting of Slovak spotted breed (127 records), the herd “B” in Lower Nitra (150 records) and herd “C” in Upper Nitra (116 records) both consisting of black Holstein Friesian cows. Birth season tended to influence the heifers first lactation milk yield in the herd “C” (P 0.66, herd “A”; P >0.59, herd “B”; P >0.38, herd “C”). In the herd “B” there was insignificant effect of prenatal temperatures, birth season on birth weight of heifers (P >0.97; P >0.74). However, the heifers with the highest weight gains until weaning had numerically higher first lactation milk yield (P >0.20).Keywords: dairy calves, temperature, season, milk yield, gestation lengthReferencesCALLINAN P.A. and FEINBERG A. P. (2006). The emerging science of epigenomics. Human Molecular Genetics, 15(1), R95-R101. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl095COLLIER, R. J. et al. (2006). Use of gene expression microarrays for evaluating environmental stress tolerance at the cellular level in cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 84(13), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2527/2006.8413_supplE1xDAHL, G. E., TAO, S. and MONTEIRO, A. P. A. (2016). Effects of late-gestation heat stress on immunity and performance of calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(4), 3193–3198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9990DAHL, G. E., TAO, S. and THOMPSON, I. M. (2012). LACTATION BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Effects of photoperiod on mammary gland development and lactation. Journal of Animal Science, 90(3), 755–760. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4630HEINRICHS, A. J. and HEINRICHS, B. S. (2011). A prospective study of calf factors affecting first-lactation and lifetime milk production and age of cows when removed from the herd. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(1), 336–341. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3170KASARDA, R. et al. (2018). Estimation of heritability for claw traits in Holstein cattle using Bayesian and REML approaches. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 19(4), 784–790. https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/19.4.2338LAPORTA, J. et al. (2017). In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11993MIGLIOR, F. et al. (2017). Identification and genetic selection of economically important traits in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100(12), 10251–10271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12968MOALLEM, U. et al. (2010). Long-term effects of ad libitum whole milk prior to weaning and prepubertal protein supplementation on skeletal growth rate and first-lactation milk production. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(6), 2639–2650. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-3007MONTEIRO, A. P. A. et al. (2013). Effect of heat stress in utero on calf performance and health through the first lactation. Journal of Animal Science, 91, 184. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9990MONTEIRO, A. P. A. et al. (2014). Effect of heat stress during late gestation on immune function and growth performance of calves: Isolation of altered colostral and calf factors. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(10), 6426–6439. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7891MONTEIRO, A. P. A. et al. (2016a). Effect of maternal heat stress during the dry period on growth and metabolism of calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(5), 3896–3907. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10699MONTEIRO, A. P. A. et al. (2016b). In utero heat stress decreases calf survival and performance through the first lactation. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(10), 8443–8450. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11072OSBORNE, V. R. et al. (2007). Effects of photoperiod and glucose-supplemented drinking water on the performance of  dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(11), 5199–5207. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0402RIUS, G. and DAHL, G. E. (2006). Exposure to Long-Day Photoperiod Prepubertally May Increase Milk Yield in FirstLactation Cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89(6), 2080–2083. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72277-9SCHAEFFER, L. R. (2006). Strategy for applying genome-wide selection in dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics, 123, 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2006.00595.xSOBERON, F. et al. (2012). Preweaning milk replacer intake and effects on long-term productivity of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(2), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4391SOBERON, F. and VAN AMBURGH, M. E. (2013). Lactation Biology Symposium: The effect of nutrient intake from milk or milk replacer of preweaned dairy calves on lactation milk yield as adults: A meta-analysis of current data. Journal of Animal Science, 91(2), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5834STRAPÁK, P., JUHÁS, P. and BUJKO, J. (2013). The influence of health status in calves with subsequent growth of heifers and milk production in dairy cows. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 14(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/14.3.1326TANČIN, V. et al. (1994). Different nutrition of calves in relation to the levels of thyroid-hormones and some biochemical indexes. Živočíšna výroba, 39(11), 961–971.TANČIN, V., MIKLÁŠ, Š. and MAČUHOVÁ, L. (2018). Possible physiological and environmental factors affecting milk production and udder health of dairy cows: A  review. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 51(1), pp. 32–40.TAO, S. et al. (2012). Effect of late gestation maternal heat stress on growth and immune function of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(12), 7128–7136. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-5697TAO, S. et al. (2018). Symposium review: The influences of heat stress on bovine mammary gland function. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(6), 5642–5654. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13727TAO, S. et al. (2019). Effects of heat stress during late gestation on the dam and its calf. Journal of Animal Science, 97(5), 2245–2257. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz061UHRINČAŤ, M. et al. (2007). The effect of growth intensity of heifers till 15 months of age on their milk production during first lactation. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 40(2), 83–88.VACULIKOVA, M. and CHLADEK, G. (2015). Air temperature impacts on the behaviour of holstein calves in individual outdoor calf hutches according to age of observed calves. In O.  Polák, R. Cerkal and N. Březinová-Belcredi (Eds.), The Conference MendelNet 2015 (pp. 169–173). Brno: Mendel University in Brno.VAN EETVELDE, M. et al. (2017). Season of birth is associated with first-lactation milk yield in Holstein Friesian cattle. Animal, 11(12), 2252–2259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001021VAN EETVELDE, M. and OPSOMER, G. (2017). Innovative look at dairy heifer rearing: Effect of prenatal and postnatal environment on later performance. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 52(3), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/rda.13019WIGGANS, G. R. et al. (2017). Genomic Selection in Dairy Cattle: The USDA Experience. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, 5, 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111422WU, G. F. et al. (2006). 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The impact of somatic cell count on milk yield and composition

Article Details: Received: 2020-10-15 | Accepted: 2020-11-27 | Available online: 2021-01-31https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2021.24.mi-prap.49-52The aim of this work was to clarify impact of somatic cell count (SCC) on milk yield and its composition. The experiment was realized on one dairy farm with Tsigai breed. Totally 252 milk samples from 84 ewes (on their first and second lactation) were analysed. Milk samples within regular test recording day from the whole udder were collected during lactation in April, June and July. On the basis of SCC the samples were divided into the SCC groups: first <200 × 103  cells.ml-1; second ≥200 <400 × 103  cells.ml-1; third ≥400 <600 × 103 cells.ml-1;  fourth ≥600 <1000 × 103 cells.ml-1; fifth ≥1000 × 103 cells.ml-1 to see the effect of SCC at the level of regular milk recording test day. The same SCC groups were used for distribution of the lactation means of somatic cell score (SCS) for evaluation of the effect of SCC at the level of whole lactation. Total milk yield per lactation was affected SCS per lactation (P=0.0089). In each month of sampling we observed decrease content of lactose at the level of test day (P<0.001) and at the level of lactation (P=0.001) with increase of SCC. The increase content of protein we detected with increase of SCC at the level of test days (P=0.0281) and decline per lactation (P=0.0452). In content of fat we did not find out change in relation with increase of SCC in regular milk recording test days and per lactation also. The analyses suggest that SCC negatively impact on milk yield and milk composition and SCC should be in high attention of dairy practice. Keywords: somatic cell count, milk yield, milk composition ReferencesAlbenzio, M., Caroprese, M., Santillo, A., Marino R., Taili, L. Sevi, A. 2004. Effect of somatic cell count and stage of lactation on the plasmin activity and cheese-making properties of ewe milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 87(3), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73194-XArias, R., Oliete, B., Ramón, M., Arias, C., Gallego, R., Montoro, V., Gonzalo, C., Pérez-Guzmán, M. D. (2012). Long-term study of environmental effects on test- day somatic cell count and milk yield in Manchega sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 106(2-3), 92-97. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.03.019Baranovič, Š., Tančin, V., Tvarožková, K., Uhrinčat, M., Mačuhová, L., Palkovič, J. 2018. Impact of somatic cell count and lameness on the production and composition of ewe´s milk. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 12(1), 116-121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/900Cuccuru, C., Meloni, M., Sala, E., Scaccabarozzi, L., Locatelli, C., Moroni, P., Bronzo, V. (2011). Effect of intramammary infections on somatic cell score and milk yield in Sarda sheep. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 59(3), 128-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2011.562862Kuchtík, J., Konečná, L., Sýkora, V., Šustová, K., Fajman, M., Kos, I. (2017). Changes of physico-chemical characteristics, somatic cell count and curd quality during lactation and their relationships in Lacaune ewes. Mljekarstvo, 67(2), 138-145. DOI: 10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.0206Leitner, G., Silanikove, N., Merin, U. (2008). Estimate of milk and curd yield loss of sheep and goats with intrammamary infection and its relation to somatic cell count. Small Ruminant Research, 74(1-3), 221-225. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2007.02.009Lusis, I., Antane, V., Laurs, A. (2010). Effectiveness of static cell count determinetion in the milking robots. Proceedings of 9th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development, 112-116.Margetín, M., Milerksi, M., Apolen, D., Čapistrák, A., Oravcová, M., Debrecéni, O. (2013). Relationships between production quality of milk and udder health status of ewes during machine milking. Journal of Central European Agriculture , 14(1), 328-340. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5513/JCEA01/14.1.1203Oravcová, M., Mačuhová, L., Tančin, V. (2018). The relationship between somatic cells and milk traits, and their variation in dairy sheep breeds in Slovakia. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 27(2), 97-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/90015/2018Oravcová, M., Tvarožková, K., Tančin, V., Uhričnať, M., Mačuhová, L. (2020). Milk yiled and somatic cells in dairy ewes with respect to their mutual relations. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 14(1), 224-229. https://doi.org/10.5219/1309Paschino, P., Vacca, G. M., Dettori, M. L., Pazzola M. (2019). An approach for estimation of somatic cells' effect in Sarda sheep milk based on analysis of milk traits and coagulation properties. Small Ruminant Research, 171, 77-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.10.010Pengov, A. (2001). The Role of Coagulase- Negative Staphylococcus spp. and Associated Somatic Cell Counts in the Ovine Mammary Gland. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(3), 572-574.DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74509-2PSSR, Plemenárske služby š.p. SR Bratislava. (2012). Principles Of The Automatedsheep and Goat Data Processing.  From www.pssr.sk › subory › Zasady_ASD_ovce_kozySutera, A. M., Portolano, B., Di Gerlando, R., Sardina, M. T., Mastrangelo, S., Tolone, M. (2018). Determination of milk production losses and variations of fat and protein percentages according to different levels of somatic cell count in Valle del Belice dairy sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 162, 39-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.03.002Tančin, V., Baranovič, Š., Uhrinčať, M., Mačuhová, L., Vršková, M., Oravcová, M. (2017a). Somatic cell count in raw ewes milk in dairy practice: frequency of distribution and possible effect on milk yield and composition. Mljekarstvo, 67(4), 253-260. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15567/mljekarstvo.2017.0402Tančin, V., Uhrinčať, M., Mačuhová, L., Baranovič, Š., Vršková, M. (2017b). Somatic cell count in milk of individual Lacaune ewes under practical conditions in Slovakia: Possible effect on milk yield and its composition. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences, 11(1), 386-390. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5219/767Tvarožková, K., Tančin, V., Holko, I., Uhrinčat, M., Mačuhová, L. (2019). Mastitis in ewes: somatic cell counts, pathogens and antibiotic resistance In Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences.9(3), 661-670. DOI: 10.15414/jmbfs.2019/20.9.3.661-670Tvarožková, K., Tančin, V., Uhrinčat, M., Mačuhová, L., Toman, R., Tunegová, M. (2018). Evaluation of somatic cells in milk of ewes as possible physiological level. Acta fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 21(4), 149-151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.149-151Vivar-Quintana A.M., Beneitez De La Mano E., Revilla I. (2006). Relationship between somatic cell counts and the properties of yoghurt made from ewes’ milk. International Diary Journal, 16(3), 262-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2005.03.0