Tinjauan Hukum Pidana Pelaku Kejahatan terhadap Kelompok Minoritas

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah utuk mengetahui bagaimana tinjauan hukum pidana terhadap pelaku yang melakukan kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas dan bagaimana pemberlakuan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku yang melakukan kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, maka penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan: 1. Tinjauan hukum pidana terhadap pelaku kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas, menunjukkan tindak pidana tersebut merukan tindak pidana khusus yang diatur dalam peraturan Perundang-undangan di luar Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, karena tindak pidana terhadap kelompok minoritas merupakan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia terhadap kelompok atau perkumpulan tertentu berdasarkan diskriminasi ras dan etnis kebangsaan, budaya, agama, jenis kelamin dan kelompok tertentu lainnya dan bagi pelaku kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas sanksi pidana yang diberlakuan sesuai dengan peraturan Perundang-undangan yang berlaku di bidang hak asasi manusia. 2. Pemberlakuan sanksi pidana terhadap pelaku yang melakukan kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas terdiri sanksi pidana penjara dan pidana denda dimaksudkan untuk mencegah terjadinya kejahatan terhadap kelompok minoritas dan sebagai upaya penegakan hukum apabila perbuatan pidana telah terjadi guna memberikan efek jera bagi pelakunya dan bagi pihak lain agar tidak melakukan perbuatan yang sama

Inverse scattering method for square matrix nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation under nonvanishing boundary conditions

Matrix generalization of the inverse scattering method is developed to solve the multicomponent nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation with nonvanishing boundary conditions. It is shown that the initial value problem can be solved exactly. The multi-soliton solution is obtained from the Gel'fand--Levitan--Marchenko equation.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figures; (v2) title changed, typos in equations corrected, sec.3.1 modified and extende

A myth of the well-stirred model: Is the well-stirred model good for high clearance drugs?

Understanding the rationale of the well-stirred model (WSM), borrowed from chemical engineering, has been ongoing through the history of pharmacokinetics (PK) as an independent discipline. Extensive arguments around the WSM and 1977′s lidocaine data re-emerged recently. It was proposed that Pang and Rowland\u27s lidocaine data analysis was confounded by four intermingled confounding factors which may lead to contradictory conclusions or inconclusive dilemma. This re-visit of 1977′s lidocaine data analysis was challenged by Pang and coauthors. This commentary is our responses to their comments focusing on the lidocaine data analysis and the IVIVE by the WSM. In addition, the disadvantage of applying the well-stirred model in drug-drug interaction (DDI) prediction and a theoretical dilemma in the commonly used whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models were discussed

About the Epidemic of a Kind of Feveric Jaundice occurred in some Parts of Okayama City during the later Summer 1935

There occurred an epidemic of a kind of feveric jaundice in some parts of Okayama City and its vicinity from the later part of Summer till early autumn 1935. As we had never learned such an outbreak of such an epidemic in these districts, we wished to make it clear. We have studied it under the guidance of Prof. M. Suzuki and our study as a whole resulted as follows: 1) To our regret, we could not succeed in isolating the causal agent. This may be we think, for when we set about the study, the epidemic had already come to its closing period. 2) The clinical symptoms of this disease, we observed, were quite identical with those of the Sakushu fever. 3) And as the serological tests we examined the Pfeiffers phenomenon test and the agglomeration reaction on 12 cases and obtained: 7 positive reaction with Akiyami repto. type A. 3 positive reaction with Akiyami repto. type B. these 10 negative reaction with repto. ict. haemorrha. and the rest 2 of 12 cases gave negative reaction with any of these reptospiras. 4) We cannot yet dare to describe clearly from the epidemiological point of view why such a prevalence of this disease broke out in 1935, but it might be regarded as remarkable facts to indicate some relationship between the great inundation and the epidemic that the infected locality was visited by a disastrous inundation in the preceding year, that the upper course district of the flooded river Asahi was known as the region influenced by the Sakushu fever, and that the infected parts of Okayama City borders the suburbs where a great number of the rats, regarded as the mediators of the Sakushu fever are living, etc. You will have still more reports after our further study in the future

The many ways of returning to the refrain in Telugu song

A refrain (abbreviated R) is a line in a song repeated after each verse, and often used as the\ua0song’s name. Returns to R are usually high points both melodically and lyrically. E.g., a verse\ua0ending "I feel upon my lips again" makes a smooth lead-in (abbreviated L) to the refrain R =\ua0"A taste of honey" (Scott/Marlow, 1962). We notate this "(I feel upon my lips again) A taste of\ua0honey", and call such patterns (lead-in)refrains or (L)R’s. The song goes R … LR … LR, where\ua0L could change verse to verse. In our examples, R and (L)R are often both full sentences. More\ua0interesting L’s are often phrases, clauses or rather than interjections. A word-prefix L can\ua0transform R.Our main contribution is to point out that (L)R patterns are a striking feature of Telugu (TEL)\ua0song, remarkably various and profuse in both old and new songs, yet little remarked in the\ua0literature as far as we are aware. We give examples from the 15th c. to the 21st. In transcription, a\ua0colon marks long vowels, and M, nasalized ones. Retroflexion is shown by capitalization, and\ua0aspiration by h, also a consonant by itself. Glosses are given, some also /morpheme-wise/.Kannada (KAN) and Tamil (TAM) share features with TEL that help make L(R)’s: fairly free word\ua0order, agglutinative particles, and adjectives and relative clauses preceding the noun. We give\ua0only lone KAN and TAM examples, but expect to find more when we search. Hindi (HIN) shares\ua0fewer features with TEL; perhaps therefore, we have so far looked but found few (L)R s in HIN

Origin of intrinsic dark count in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors

The origin of the decoherence in superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors, the so-called dark count, was investigated. We measured the direct-current characteristics and bias-current dependencies of the dark count rate in a wide range of temperatures from 0.5 K to 4 K, and analyzed the results by theoretical models of thermal fluctuations of vortices. Our results indicate that the current-assisted unbinding of vortex-antivortex pairs is the dominant origin of the dark count.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figure

Picosecond timing of Microwave Cherenkov Impulses from High-Energy Particle Showers Using Dielectric-loaded Waveguides

We report on the first measurements of coherent microwave impulses from high-energy particle-induced electromagnetic showers generated via the Askaryan effect in a dielectric-loaded waveguide. Bunches of 12.16 GeV electrons with total bunch energy of $\sim 10^3-10^4$ GeV were pre-showered in tungsten, and then measured with WR-51 rectangular (12.6 mm by 6.3 mm) waveguide elements loaded with solid alumina ($Al_2 O_3$) bars. In the 5-8 GHz $TE_{10}$ single-mode band determined by the presence of the dielectric in the waveguide, we observed band-limited microwave impulses with amplitude proportional to bunch energy. Signals in different waveguide elements measuring the same shower were used to estimate relative time differences with 2.3 picosecond precision. These measurements establish a basis for using arrays of alumina-loaded waveguide elements, with exceptional radiation hardness, as very high precision timing planes for high-energy physics detectors.Comment: 16 pages, 15 figure