Impact des champs électriques pulsés à courte durée d'impulsion/pause sur le colmatage des membranes en cours de procédés électromembranaires: mécanismes d'action et influence sur les performances des procédés

L’approvisionnement en eau potable fraîche, en aliments sains, en substances bioactives et en énergie peut être accompli par une technologie verte comme l’électrodialyse (ED). Actuellement, deux obstacles majeurs entravent l’utilisation d’une telle technologie par l’industrie, soit les phénomènes de colmatage membranaire et la polarisation de la concentration (CP). Les travaux récents ont démontré que l’application d’un champ électrique pulsé (CEP) pendant l’ED peut éliminer complètement le colmatage par les protéines et peut diminuer considérablement le colmatage par les minéraux. De plus, les impulsions de courant préviennent l’élargissement de la couche de CP. Malgré des résultats prometteurs d’application du CEP, la durée optimale des impulsions/pauses et l’influence du CEP sur le colmatage membranaire et la CP dans des solutions contenant les agents d’encrassement sont encore des questions ouvertes et discutables. Les résultats de la thèse montrent que les champs électriques pulsés avec des durées d’impulsion/pause courtes peuvent être appliqués pour éliminer complètement le colmatage minéral sur les membranes échangeuses d’anions et pour contrôler le colmatage minéral sur le membranes échangeuses de cations au cours des procédés électromembranaires. De plus, l’application de courants surlimites provoquant la formation de vortex électroconvectifs a des avantages en matière de diminution du colmatage et d’amélioration de la performance des procédés. Il est démontré pour la première fois dans cette thèse qu’il est possible d’appliquer un champ électrique pulsé sur des cellule d’électrodialyse comprenant dans leur configuration membranaire une ou plusieurs membrane(s) bipolaire(s). Finalement, des traitements électromembranaires efficaces de solutions contenant des protéines peuvent être effectués par couplage avec des membranes d’ultrafiltration: ce couplage permet d’éviter la formation de colmatage protéique au sein de la cellule d’ED.Supply of fresh drinking water, healthy food, bio-active substances and power may be accomplished by ecofriendly electrodialysis (ED) technology. Nowadays, two main barriers such as membrane fouling and concentration polarization (CP) phenomena stand in the way of ED processes. Recent works demonstrated that application of pulsed electric field (PEF) during ED might completely eliminate protein fouling and drastically decrease fouling by minerals (scaling). Moreover, the current pulsations prevent widening of concentration polarization layer. In spite of the promising results of PEF application, the optimal duration of pulse/pause lapses and influence of PEF on membrane fouling and CP in the solutions containing fouling agents are still opened and disputable questions. The thesis results demonstrate that PEF with short pulse/pause durations can be applied to electromembrane processes in order to avoid completely the scaling on anion-exchange membrane and to control the scaling on cation-exchange membrane. Moreover, “overlimiting” currents inducing the formation of electroconvective vortices are advantageous from the point of scaling decrease and improvement of process performance. The possible application of PEF to ED systems with bipolar membrane(s) was demonstrated for the first time. Furthermore, effective electromembrane treatments of solutions containing proteins could be performed with pretreatment by ultrafiltration membrane, which avoids the clogging of ED stack

Milk protein production by a more environmentally sustainable process : bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with ultrafiltration

The increased demand for food production to nourish the rapidly growing human population raises serious sustainability issues for the food sector. Indeed, conventional food production lines involve processes having a significant environmental burden. Hence, the present study aims to demonstrate an environmentally sustainable process of food production. The milk protein was chosen as a model food ingredient due to its exceptional role in the human diet. The proposed innovative process of milk protein production includes bipolar membrane electrodialysis coupled with ultrafiltration (EDBM-UF). The crucial problem during the EDBM-UF of milk, such as different types of membrane fouling, was successfully solved. Moreover, the life cycle assessment of the novel EDBM-UF protein production process was carried out and compared to a conventional acid/base process. Additionally, a sensitivity test of electricity supply at different geographical locations of the world was performed since electricity is the main energy source for the EDBM-UF process and it could be derived from different sources (renewable and non-renewable). The assessment results demonstrate that the proposed electromembrane process has significant environmental benefits compared to the conventional process using chemicals independently from the electricity supply mix from all considered geographical locations. Thus, EDBM-UF could become a prospective industrial technology taking into account environmental concerns and promoting the development of healthy human society

Positive Impact of Pulsed Electric Field on Lactic Acid Removal, Demineralization and Membrane Scaling during Acid Whey Electrodialysis

The drying of acid whey is hindered by its high mineral and organic acid contents, and their removal is performed industrially through expensive and environmentally impacting serial processes. Previous works demonstrated the ability to remove these elements by electrodialysis alone but with a major concern—membrane scaling. In this study, two conditions of pulsed electric field (PEF) were tested and compared to conventional DC current condition to evaluate the potential of PEF to mitigate membrane scaling and to affect lactic acid and salt removals. The application of a PEF 25 s/25 s pulse/pause combination at an initial under-limiting current density allowed for decreasing the amount of scaling, the final system electrical resistance by 32%, and the relative energy consumption up to 33%. The use of pulsed current also enabled better lactic acid removal than the DC condition by 10% and 16% for PEF 50 s/10 s and 25 s/25 s, respectively. These results would be due to two mechanisms: (1) the mitigation of concentration polarization phenomenon and (2) the rinsing of the membranes during the pause periods. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time that PEF current conditions were used on acid whey to both demineralize and deacidify it

How Overlimiting Current Condition Influences Lactic Acid Recovery and Demineralization by Electrodialysis with Nanofiltration Membrane: Comparison with Conventional Electrodialysis

Acid whey is the main co-product resulting from the production of fresh cheeses and Greek-type yogurts. It generally goes through a spray-drying process prior to valorization, but it needs to be deacidified (lactic acid recovery) and demineralized beforehand to obtain a powder of quality with all the preserved compounds of interest such as lactose and proteins. Electrodialysis (ED) is a process actually used for acid whey treatment, but scaling formation at the surface of the ion-exchange membrane is still a major problem. In this work, a combination of two new avenues of ED treatment has been studied. First, the integration of a nanofiltration (NF) membrane in an ED conventional stack was compared to a classical ED stack with an anion-exchange membrane in a standard current condition. Secondly, both configurations were tested in the overlimiting current condition to study the impact of electroconvective vortices on process efficiency. The combined effects of the NF membrane and overlimiting current condition led to a higher lactic acid recovery rate of acid whey (40%), while the conventional ED stack in the overlimiting current condition led to a higher demineralization (87% based on the total cation concentration). Those effects were related to the conductivity, pH, global resistance, and energy consumption of each treatment that are influenced by water splitting phenomenon, which was decreased in the overlimiting condition

Adsorption of Anthocyanins by Cation and Anion Exchange Resins with Aromatic and Aliphatic Polymer Matrices

This study examines the mechanisms of adsorption of anthocyanins from model aqueous solutions at pH values of 3, 6, and 9 by ion-exchange resins making the main component of heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes. This is the first report demonstrating that the pH of the internal solution of a KU-2-8 aromatic cation-exchange resin is 2-3 units lower than the pH of the external bathing anthocyanin-containing solution, and the pH of the internal solution of some anion-exchange resins with an aromatic (AV-17-8, AV-17-2P) or aliphatic (EDE-10P) matrix is 2–4 units higher than the pH of the external solution. This pH shift is caused by the Donnan exclusion of hydroxyl ions (in the KU-2-8 resin) or protons (in the AV-17-8, AV-17-2P, and EDE-10P resins). The most significant pH shift is observed for the EDE-10P resin, which has the highest ion-exchange capacity causing the highest Donnan exclusion. Due to the pH shift, the electric charge of anthocyanin inside an ion-exchange resin differs from its charge in the external solution. At pH 6, the external solution contains uncharged anthocyanin molecules. However, in the AV-17-8 and AV-17-2P resins, the anthocyanins are present as singly charged anions, while in the EDE-10P resin, they are in the form of doubly charged anions. Due to the electrostatic interactions of these anions with the positively charged fixed groups of anion-exchange resins, the adsorption capacities of AV-17-8, AV-17-2P, and EDE-10P were higher than expected. It was established that the electrostatic interactions of anthocyanins with the charged fixed groups increase the adsorption capacity of the aromatic resin by a factor of 1.8–2.5 compared to the adsorption caused by the π–π (stacking) interactions. These results provide new insights into the fouling mechanism of ion-exchange materials by polyphenols; they can help develop strategies for membrane cleaning and for extracting anthocyanins from juices and wine using ion-exchange resins and membranes

Impact of Electric Arcs and Pulsed Electric Fields on the Functional Properties of Beta-Lactoglobulin

Beta-lactoglobulin (β-lg) is a major whey protein with various techno-functional properties that can be improved by several treatments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the impact of green high-voltage electrical treatments (HVETs)—namely, pulsed electric fields and electric arcs—on the functional properties of β-lg. Both emulsifying and foaming stability and capacity, as well as the hygroscopicity of non-treated and pretreated β-lg, were explored. The results demonstrated that the emulsifying capacity and stability of pretreated samples increased by 43% and 22% when compared to native β-lg, respectively. Likewise, the pretreated β-lg displayed better foaming stability compared to native β-lg. In addition, the HVETs significantly decreased the hygroscopicity of β-lg (by 48% on average), making it a good ingredient with reduced hygroscopicity for the food industry

Operationalizing circular economy. Reflections on a by-product upcycling value chain construction in the brewing sector

The concept of a circular economy has arisen in response to the problems related to the limits of the dominant linear economic system in contemporary societies and of the finite resources of our planet. The transition from waste status to a raw material by reusing it makes it possible to modify its value for future users and thus to redistribute this value. This article focuses on the case of spent grain to illustrate the role of the circular economy in food transition. Bases on a series of interviews, the paper discusses business modeling to operationalize sustainable development in the food sector and presents a discussion and conclusion on the advantages and limitations of the deployment of the circular economy in the brewing industry, taking into account and understanding the interests and constraints of various stakeholders