Strength assessment of transversal T-beam webs in cruise ships

Shipyards are increasing production efficiency. The main means to achieve higher efficiency are reducing the number of structural parts and increasing manufacturing automation. Potential target for the improvements would be design of transversal T-beams webs. This thesis presents strength assessment method for evaluation transversal T-beam webs in cruise ships. The method is based on nonlinear finite element method and shell element mesh for ultimate strength and linear analysis and Timoshenko beam elements for the load assessment. Generic loading is applied to T-beams as a load vectors in nonlinear analysis to evaluate capacity using buckling, yielding and ultimate limit state criteria. The obtained strength of T-beams is compared against realistic loading calculated with linear analysis. The main realistic loadings were presented: global still water and wave loads, local deck pressure and block lifting. The method is applied to a two case studies. Case study one compares the effect of the tripping brackets. It is discovered that strength is not increased significantly in case of 0, 1 and 2 tripping brackets. However, the presence of the tripping brackets significantly increase post buckling capacity of the T-beams. Case study two shows an approximate range of production induced damage. Induced damage is caused by different bending sequences from transportation, welding, blocks balancing, block lifting etc. which lead to plastic deformations of T-beams. The magnitude of production induced damage is found to be significantly higher than combined contribution from operational loads

2001), Geomagnetic substorms as perturbed self-organized critical dynamics of the magnetosphere

Abstract The e ect of self-organized criticality (SOC), known from the theory of complex nonlinear systems, is considered as an internal mechanism of geomagnetic uctuations accompanying the development of magnetospheric substorms. It is suggested that spatially localized current sheet instabilities, followed by magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail, can be considered as SOC avalanches, the superposition of which leads naturally to the 1=f ÿ power spectra (f -frequency, ÿ -numerical parameter) of geomagnetic activity. A running 2D avalanche model with controlled dissipation rate is proposed for numerical investigation of the multi-scale plasma sheet behavior in stationary and nonstationary states of the magnetosphere. Two basic types of perturbations have been studied, the ÿrst induced by an increase in the solar wind energy input rate and the second induced by a decrease in critical current density in the magnetotail. The intensity of large-scale perturbations in the model depends on accumulated energy level and internal dissipation in a manner similar to the dependence characteristic of real magnetospheric substorms. A spectral structure of model dynamics exposed to variations of solar wind parameters reveals distinctive features similar to natural geomagnetic uctuations, including a spectral break at 5 h separating frequency bands with di erent spectral slopes

Nd³⁺, Yb³⁺:YF₃ Optical Temperature Nanosensors Operating in the Biological Windows

This work is devoted to the study of thermometric performances of Nd3+ (0.1 or 0.5 mol.%), Yb3+ (X%):YF3 nanoparticles. Temperature sensitivity of spectral shape is related to the phonon-assisted nature of energy transfer (PAET) between Nd3+ and Yb3+). However, in the case of single-doped Nd3+ (0.1 or 0.5 mol.%):YF3 nanoparticles, luminescence decay time (LDT) of 4F3/2 level of Nd3+ in Nd3+ (0.5 mol.%):YF3 decreases with the temperature decrease. In turn, luminescence decay time in Nd3+ (0.1 mol.%):YF3 sample remains constant. It was proposed, that at 0.5 mol.% the cross-relaxation (CR) between Nd3+ ions takes place in contradistinction from 0.1 mol.% Nd3+ concentration. The decrease of LDT with temperature is explained by the decrease of distances between Nd3+ with temperature that leads to the increase of cross-relaxation efficiency. It was suggested, that the presence of both CR and PAET processes in the studied system (Nd3+ (0.5 mol.%), Yb3+ (X%):YF3) nanoparticles provides higher temperature sensitivity compared to the systems having one process (Nd3+ (0.1 mol.%), Yb3+ (X%):YF3). The experimental results confirmed this suggestion. The maximum relative temperature sensitivity was 0.9%·K−1 at 80 K